Analyzing CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS - Essay Example Such a move depends on the degree to which the African Americans in question have been assimilated (32). The assimilation pushes Africans to formulate a public persona different from their real identities. Bamboozled exposes the historical portrayal of African-Americans in the American cinema. The images at the end of the film are a documentary to the satire therein (Black 20). Understanding the film in a better way calls for putting it in its context before the cinema emerged. Race is a social construction because the stereotypes of blacks reflect the perceptions of American whites (Epp 17). The stereotypes relate to the white dominion over Africans as opposed to the realities of the time. The abolition of slavery never put the stereotypes to an end. There emerged a new form of imperialism replacing the â€Å"noble savage† with the â€Å"ignoble savage† (20). Whether savages or children, Africans were in no instance perceived as being on the same level as whites. Despite not being slaves, Africans were still not given statuses similar to the whites. Certain groups such as the Irish and the Jews had to become whites with resultant stereotyping in the 20th century (Laski 1095). These stereotypes were so widespread that the entertainment industry felt it prudent to embrace them. Bamboozled followed this path. Bamboozled has a unique storyline written in a clever way (Ebert 1). Pierre Delacroix (De La) is an African-American television writer. He navigates a minstrel show complete with three-dimensional characters such as Aunt Jemima, Man Tan, and Sleep ‘n’ Eat. The writer’s intention in the beginning was to invoke popular outrage to facilitate his sacking from the television station (Ebert 1). This would relieve him of the obligations that he considers tiresome and boring. Surprisingly, however, De La’s show succeeds massively to the extent that the outrage against it becomes negligible and irrelevant. Alongside the African-American

Extended commentary of The Darkling Thrush by Thomas Hardy Essay Example for Free

Extended commentary of The Darkling Thrush by Thomas Hardy Essay On the title: A thrush is a bird; plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized, often inhabiting wooded areas. They feed on the ground or eat small fruit – but aren’t famed for their songs. Examples include a robin. ‘Darkling’ is an archaic word for ‘a creature of darkness’ or ‘in the dark’. Hardy uses it in its latter sense – the bird appears in a very gloomy scene, at the end of the day, at the end of the year (and century, for that matter). It also has negative connotations as well, however – for obvious reasons. Potential other implications: ‘darkling’ is perhaps used to create a diminutive form of the thrush (like a ‘duckling’). Other critics have identified the title as explaining, or preparing the reader for the unexpected advent of the bird half way through the poem, appearing into the scene from nowhere. Perhaps Hardy was attempting to use an antiquitated word to further demonstrate the bird is bringing joy to a dark land, and that there exists an enormous time difference between the new century and the old? Overall Structure: Hardy uses four regular eight line iambic stanzas; in either ‘tetrameter’ or ‘trimeter’, depending on the length of the line. This meter creates a poetic lilt, with alternate stressed feet. It seems very out of place in such a depressing poem we must question why this is. Does it reflect the hope expressed at the end of the poem, or prepares us for it? Or does it tell of an oddity within the persona; is his negative manner actually genuine – perhaps we shouldnt accept the persona’s judgment/emotions to the same extent as hed like us to? His choice of rhyme scheme and meter along with the harsh subject fail to match up. Themes: Time (passing of century), Isolation, Man and the Natural World. Difficult Language Notes: ‘Darkling’ – discussed above. ‘Illimited’ is an archaic form of ‘unlimited’. First and Second Stanza Notes: As usual, Hardy presents us with an image, this time of a landscape – a depressing one, at that. This poem was published at the end of the century – 31st December 1900 (Hardy was one of those people who believe that a century is complete when the hundredth year is over.) It is very cold and frosty and the day is growing to a close. It really is the end of a century. And Hardy presents us with a very clear image of death – he later personifies the Century itself as being dead. The first two stanzas are full of death-language: 1. â€Å"When Frost was spectre-gray†. A clear example of ghost imagery (‘a spectre’). This line is of interest on its own, due to the obvious personification of ‘Frost’. This is a good place to make a key note about the poem itself. Throughout, we discover a distinct Hardy-esque style; the environment is unpleasant and it demonstrates his usual antics in animism. Hardy develops complex (and often deeply personal) symbolic systems which deal almost exclusively with the natural world. The reader is made personal with non-human entities like frost and birds but avoids people – even the persona is a subject avoided in great detail. 1. Back with the ‘death imagery’, â€Å"The weakening eye of day†; a comment on the darkening sky – the day is dying. 1. â€Å"All mankind that haunted nigh† – haunted is clearly a reference to death and ghosts. Hardy is commenting on the lack of human life in his scene; they â€Å"had sought their household fires†. A further indication of the low temperature. Is it a hint that the world is ending? Or is that just a little extreme? In any case, note how the rest of humanity are seeking light in an otherwise dark environment. The second stanza contains an extended metaphor involving the dead century, but we need to examine the first stanza more before moving on. Hardy’s persona is leaning upon a coppice gate – a gate into a small woods or ‘coppice’. It is a highly ambiguous persona (another thing to explore), but he leans nevertheless. The scene is wintry, indeed, along with Frost, Winter is personified equally – â€Å"Winter’s dregs made desolate/ The weakening eye of day.† The dregs of the season indicate a very cold atmosphere; one without much colour. Clearly this has emptied the scene of any colourful sight upon which the â€Å"eye of day† weakens. The day is ending; thus dusk darkens the scene. â€Å"Tangled bine-stems scored the sky/ Like strings of broken lyres†. As before mentioned, the persona is standing in woodland, thus â€Å"Bine-stems† are tree branches. Hardy’s comparison of them to broken lyres is interesting. Lyres are a) harmonious in Classical literature and b) belong only in Classical literature. Hardy is clearly stating that the scene is not ‘harmonious’ or perhaps the ‘death-lament’ later mentioned isn’t. Or is it also a reference Hardy’s romantic passion for the past, that it was somehow better than the day in which he writes? Second Stanza Notes: The first four lines of this stanza deal explicitly with Hardy’s ‘dead Century’ metaphor. He imagines the land before him as â€Å"the Century’s corpse outleant.† Quite what ‘outleant’ means, I have no idea, (The OED has confirmed that ‘outleant’ is not, nor ever has been a word) but â€Å"his crypt [becomes] the cloudy canopy† (the cloudy sky) and â€Å"the wind his death-lament†. One need not explain it in any more detail; the implications are quite explicit. Hardy’s persona clearly didn’t approve of the past century, but had yet to indicate an emotional reflection on the future. He imagines England as a rotting corpse, essentially. However, note the use of the verb ‘seems’ – is all as it seems? However, Hardy goes on to write even more damningly of his persona’s scene. ‘The ancient pulse of germ and birth’ – the regenerative power of life, following Winter’s onslaught – ‘was shrunken dry and hard’. Nothing appears to be growing back – is this another indication of the end of the world, or certainly of an era. Hardy appears to be making the simple change of an arbitrary number into something quite different, and more serious. A degeneration of life itself. Indeed, â€Å"every spirit upon earth/ Seemed fervourless than I.† Very negative. Observe how silent the description is up to this point in the poem. There is an implied sound in both the death-lament and of broken lyres, but otherwise, the sound is non-existent. That changes soon. Here comes the VOLTA. Third Stanza Notes: â€Å"At once a voice arose among The bleak twigs overhead In a full-hearted evensong Of Joy illimited;† Hardy emphasizes a sudden change with the words â€Å"At once† – indeed, there are multiple changes which create this volta: * Note the sudden inclusion of sound – the thrush is singing! This breaks the poetic still (of death) which has held the poem so far. * The length of ‘sentence’ also changes. Note the semicolon at the end of these four lines above. Previously, each quatrain had completed with a full stop. Perhaps Hardy is opening up his poetic form to mirror the sudden movement in the lines themselves. The use of enjambment accentuates this. There are perhaps religious connotations with ‘evensong’. Much as Hardy may simply be again referring to the mundane fact that the bird is singing a ‘song’ and ‘eve’, we pray that the man is capable of higher minded comparisons. These vaguely religious nuances are maintained throughout the poem. The crucial fact is that the mood has changed, perhaps. â€Å"Of Joy illimited† suggests a pleasant image, which stands in stark contrast to the surrounding gloom. â€Å"An aged thrush, frail, gaunt, and small, In blast-beruffled plume,† Yet the mood is suddenly plunged back into the red with Hardy’s following lines. The thrush, which is, admittedly, a very odd bird to chose (not famed for their song), is an elderly figure in a storm – hence the ‘blast-beruffled plume’. In this otherwise grim situation, the reader’s immediate concern is whether the bird itself is going to survive at all! The use of â€Å"frail, gaunt, and small† mirrors the ghoulish imagery used in the first two stanzas – the thrush is alive, for certain, but perhaps the persona questions for how much longer? Note how the thrush is NOT personified. Every other element of the natural world takes an animated form, but not the bird! Why does Hardy do this? â€Å"Had chosen thus to fling his soul Upon the growing gloom.† Perhaps desperation is the key word in this stanza, but also hope. There is a powerful message in the face of this ghoulish bird; that, in spite of all the darkness and death, the thrush maintains his song. Stanza Four Notes: â€Å"So little cause for carolings Of such ecstatic sound Was written on terrestrial things Afar or nigh around,† Once again, Hardy’s use of enjambment allows for the lines to ‘bleed’ into each other – in a direct contrast to the poem’s former rigidity. Perhaps he is now gathering momentum for a change in mood? Yet, in terms of sense, Hardy appears to be doing the opposite. He states that the bird has no reason to be singing a joyful song amongst so much desolation. However, perhaps, by even considering such a fact, the persona’s own deep-rooted pessimism is beginning to shift away? On some key language points: * Note more religious emphasis: ‘carolings’ typically sing hymns at Christmas time. Hymns are definitely religious! * Perhaps there is an equally religious connotation which Hardy applies to his comments on the ‘terrestrial things’. If there is not any cause for singing about things on Earth, then perhaps, reciprocally, there is cause for celebrating the sky, or heaven? â€Å"That I could think there trembled through His happy good-night air Some blessed Hope, whereof he knew And I was unaware.† It is a rather ambiguous ending upon which Hardy chooses to conclude, but he achieves a sense of dramatic effect through it. The persona realises the presence of (a perhaps religious) hope, in the fact of utter desperation, but it is unintelligible to him. In an odd way, the reader is forced to consider whether the persona is being entirely accurate: * Can one be unaware of something, yet still able to write about it? * Does this tell us that the persona, as a Modernist, is able to perceive such an uplifting messages but unable to interpret them in such a way as to ‘release’ himself from the ‘dark’? Hardy himself was a modernist and therefore dwells upon an odd lot of ideas. Amongst them was ‘searching for hope/meaning to darkness and cruelty’. Despite being a realist, he was deeply influenced by Romantic notions (look them up) – perhaps this exploration is one of them? * The use of ‘blessed’ again implies a deified presence within the thrush’s message. Is the persona experiencing some divine inspiration?

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Are you interested in the people who inhabited America before the Europeans came? Well if you are then this is where you can learn about the Oneida Indian tribe. They are a group of Indians that lived in what is now central New York, Oneida and Madison counties. Now Oneida’s first appearing was sometime in the 1400’s, also Oneida means standing rock. They are also one of the 5 founding Iroquois Confederacy and played a huge American Revolution. Now as you can see the Oneida’s are a very interesting culture, now here is some more about them. Now a huge part of the Oneida’s history involves the Revolutionary War, sure they are still around but they have remained pretty neutral since the war. One of the major battle’s that they participated in was the Battle of Oriskany. The Battle of Oriskany was part of the Saratoga Campaign which was a plan for the British to take over the Hudson River. The leader of this campaign was Gen. John Burgoyne and he lead 8,000 men. But at the end, the campaign was a fail which lead to an American and Oneida win and a British loss. Now that is when the...

Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay

Abstraction:Materials and Methods: Children in the age group 4-9 old ages were divided into Group1: ( 40 kids ) and Group 2: ( 60 kids ) and their calls were recorded utilizing a picture camera. Different calls analyzed were frightened, hurting, obstinate, manipulative and boredom call on the footing of their description in the literature. Group I was subjected to detailed clinical scrutiny and Group II to assorted dental processs. Consequences: The most normally observed call was pain call. Pain call was largely associated with dento-alveolar abscess. With regard to dental processs, pain call was normally associated with usage of inject able AIDSs, frightened call and compensatory call with the usage of alveolar consonant drill. Decision: Cries could be agencies of communicating and plus in clinical diagnosing. Cardinal words: hurting call, frightened call, compensatory call, stubborn call, ennui call, manipulative call.Introduction: –Since birth, the babes have a communicative purpose and the call is the chief manner they use to show their demands and feelings to their health professionals ( 6 ) . Harmonizing to Adler the first call represents an â€Å" overpowering sense of lower status at therefore all of a sudden being confronted by world without of all time holding had to cover with its jobs. â€Å" ( 1 ) this feeling at least serves a utile map in air outing lungs. Another psychologist wrote that shouting at birth represents the baby ‘s loss of Eden ( 2 ) . Shouting, like other emotional manifestations of human behaviour is an look of personality of an person. Crying is apt to be the consequence of struggle with the developing self-importance and with his freshly found involvements. Many cryings are the consequence of injuring kid ‘s pride. After the age of one and a half kid develops a assortment of frights and calls for the security of his female parent ‘s company. In the instance of a younger kid, the frequence of shouting depends on his personality. Excessive weeping is about ever due to mismanagement, in the signifier of failure to give the kid the love and the security which he needs and failure to let him to larn independency and pattern his freshly found accomplishments. It is increased by changeless interference-by perfectionism, inordinate subject, domination and efforts to ‘train him before he is really ready ( 3 ) . It is increased by insecurity, whatever the cause. It is increased by crossness and wearines s. Factors which govern the sum of shouting include the female parent ‘s personality and her reactivity to his demands and kid ‘s personality and his finding to command his environment. Treating a weeping kid is one of the most nerve-racking state of affairss encountered in dental medicine. Previous plants have demonstrated that using signal processing techniques to analyse the sound of these calls, its possible determinate which features carry information about the context that evoked the call ( 4 ) . Since kids exhibit diverseness of behaviours, it is of import that tooth doctors have a broad scope of behavior direction methods to run into the demands of the single kid ( 5 ) . For that purpose a diagnosing is needed. Since weeping is a manner of look of the personality traits, the weeping should be used as an plus in diagnosing. Following types of calls are normally encountered in the dental office. Pain call: This call begins all of a sudden nonstop and unmanageable and is high-pitched and shrill. The call is loud and long Frightened call: This call is characterized by a crisp shrilled highly high pitched call followed by little breath catching shortness of breath followed by a crisp shrilled highly high pitched call Obstinate call: it is loud high pitched & amp ; characterized as a Siren like lament, a intermission and repeated over and over once more. This forms a combatant call, represents the child external response to anxiety.child throws a pique fit to queer dental intervention. Compensatory call: Slow humdrum call, the shouting serves to â€Å" counterbalance † for the noise.its sort of get bying mechanism to unpleasant stimulations. Manipulative call: a characteristic characteristic of kids, they cry for understanding and acquire off by shouting and whining. Boredom call: a call that is fretful and whimpering ; sometimes it about sounds like a moanThis call Michigans suddenly when the intervention Michigans. In a dental clinic a kid may non merely cry out of fright, but out of true hurting, anxiousness or he may shout merely to acquire off with the intervention, in this survey we evaluated the call of the kid patients and carbon monoxide related it to their clinical diagnosing and the usage of dental instruments.Materials and methods:This survey was planned in the section of Pedodontics and preventative dental medicine. The survey was carried out in two parts in two groups of kids. Children under both the groups were in the age group of 5 to 9 old ages. Group I included 40 kids with no old dental experience and were selected from the patients who came for their first dental visit. For the group II 60 kids were selected and divided into six sub groups of 10 each.children of this group were selected based on their intervention demands and divided into bomber groups which were based on processs undertaken, viz. injection of local anaesthesia, usage of alveolar consonant drill, crisp instrum ents, root canal instruments, doing of I.O.P.A and drawn-out assignments. Consent was obtained from patient ‘s parents or defender of both the groups, along with brief medical and dental history of the patient. GROUP I: -Thorough clinical scrutiny was done and the diagnosing was made.patients call was recorded during the scrutiny and was so co-related to the diagnosing obtained. GROUP II: -for the bomber group 1, kids necessitating either extraction or endodontic intervention of lower primary molar/s were injected inferior alveolar block and the call was recorded during disposal. For the bomber group 2 call was recorded during the mush ablation and filing of the root canals of deciduous grinders. For the bomber group 3 patient with occlusal dentinal cavities with moderate deepnesss were selected for category I cavity readying with air rotor and the call was recorded during the pit readying. for the bomber group 4 call was recorded during the usage of crisp instruments like excavators during cavities digging, usage of forceps during extraction and the usage of scalers during unwritten prophylaxis.sub group 5 included patients necessitating preoperative diagnostic I.O.P.A for posterior dentitions and the call was recorded during the exposure.sub group 6 included the process of anterior composite rosin Restoration ( no tooth readying ) of at least 2-4 dentition s carried out in individual assignment which lasted for minimal 1 hour.cry was recorded during the assignment. Each call recorded with audio ocular camera.cry was evaluated and classified into any of the six types mentioned antecedently, by an expert. Consequences GROUP I: – Postpone A ) Type of call N ( % ) Pain call 17 ( 45.0 % ) Frightened call 15 ( 37.5 % ) Obstinate call 06 ( 15.0 % ) Compensatory call 00 ( 0.0 % ) Manipulative call 00 ( 0.0 % ) Boredom call 02 ( 2.5 % ) entire 40 ( 100 % ) Table B ) call cavities Chronic pulpitis Dento-alveolar abscess Periapical abscess Traumatic hurt Apical periodontal disease others Everyday check-up entire hurting 3 4 5 3–2––17 frightened 3 3 2 1 1–1 4 15 obstinate 2 2––––1 1 06 compensatory––––––––00 manipulative––––––––00 ennui 2–––––––02 entire 10 09 07 04 01 02 02 05 40 GROUP II Postpone A ) call injections Endodontic instruments Dental drill Crisp instruments Drawn-out assignments radiogram Sum ; hurting 3 3 2 4 1 3 16 frightened 6 3 3 2–5 19 obstinate 1 1 2–1 2 07 compensatory––3 1 2–06 manipulative–2–1 3–06 ennui–1–2 3–06 entire 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 GROUP I Postpone A ) : -out of 40 kids examined most often recorded call was pain call ( 45 % ) , followed by scared call, stubborn call and ennui cry.manipulative and compensatory call was non observed during initial scrutiny. Table B ) : -out of 40 kids examined, 10 kids were enduring from dental caries.most normally observed call in relation to dental cavities was hurting and frightened ( three kids each ) .nine kids were diagnosed with chronic irreversible pulpitis with the head complain tooth.this pathosis was most normally associated with hurting call ( four kids ) .dentoalveolar abscess was diagnosed in seven kids out of forty.majority of these kids ( five ) had pain cry.four kids were diagnosed with periapical abscess and out of them three kids had hurting cry.one kid with traumatic hurt had frightened cry.two instances of apical periodontal disease were diagnosed and both of them were related to trouble cry.other alveolar consonant jobs were associated with scared and stubborn cry.routine dental cheque ups were largely associated with scared call. GROUP II Table B ) : -out of 60 kids examined most normally observed call was frightened call, followed by hurting cry.out of 10 kids subjected to injections, bulk ( six kids ) cried out of fear.out of 10 kids subjected to endodontic instrumentality, most of the kids cried out of fright and hurting ( three each ) , in the group of 10 subjected to utilize of alveolar consonant drill compensatory and frightened call was observed upper limit ( three each ) .hand instrumentality was largely associated with hurting cry.lengthy assignments was largely associated with ennui and manipulative call. Discussion: – The most normally ascertained call during the initial scrutiny was hurting or ache call accounting for 45 % .this was expected because most of the patients were brought to the section with the main complain of hurting. Following normally observed call was frightened call. Studies suggest a multifactorial etiology of dental fright and anxiousness ( 7 ) . Associated factors are related to a kid ‘s fear temperament, negative emotions, hurting sensitiveness, and get bying manner, with the later being related to parental attitudes, negative information, and painful experiences ( 8,9 ) .although we selected patients with no old dental experience, yet parent ‘s old dental experience was non taken into history. Obstinate call was characteristically observed in kids exhibiting pique fits. Temper fits were normally observed in active, determined kids with abundant energy and non in placid, easy-going chidren.in kernel fits represent the clang of the kid ‘s developing personal ity with the will of his parents. His increasing desire to demo his powers, to derive attending and to hold his ain manner gets him into problem, peculiarly when his parents are perfectionists and of tyrannizing type ( 10 ) . Boredom call was the consequence of long waiting period patient had to face before the initial scrutiny because of the inaccessibility of the physician. With regard to the diagnosing, dental abscess was most normally associated with hurting call. Because of the age group selected that is 4-9 year, most of the abscesses encountered were dento-alveolar abscesses associated with deciduous grinders. Out of 40 kids examined we encountered merely 4 periapical abscess, out of which 3 were associated with hurting call. Thus writer feels that periapical abscess excessively is every bit strongly associated with hurting call. Dental cavities and its association with call is variable, scared and pain call were every bit related to cavities every bit Wellss as obstinate call was besides recorded in the patient enduring from the dental caries.Pain is natural in deep cavities nearing mush. Reason for the fright in the kid with the dental cavities is chiefly because of the invasive intervention that would be undertaken for the remedy of the caries.Obstinate call could be due to feeling of insecurity where the kid considers the dental visit as a pena lty instead than a need.cry in a kid who had Ellis category II break was evaluated as scared call. Breath catching shortness of breath, the feature of scared call are seen n he kids when they experience pain as from a autumn or knock or fright. Apical periodontal disease was associated with hurting call as the hurting was produced on even on soft tapping of the dentitions with instrument handle.cry related to routine look into up and every bit good as other jobs like enamel stains ‘ and hypoplasia, orthodontic malalignment and malocclusions were chiefly of scared type. This could be attributed to dental phobia.one patient who had come for everyday alveolar consonant look into up exhibited obstinate call and threw temper fits. The kid was accompanied by female parent who was over protective and over indulgent sort. Often the inordinate intervention with the kid ‘s normal chases by the parent ( female parent ) because of perfectionism is met by rebellion. Temper fit is the best defence reaction against such a repression. A barbarous circle is set up, the opposition being met with more repression and the repression by more opposition ( 11,12 ) . Another kid with minor crowding in anterior dentitions exhibited obstinate call which could be attributed to personality trait. Most normally ascertained call in kids enduring from chronic pulpitis was hurting call followed by scared call and obstinate call severally. Dull longstanding hurting is frequently associated with chronic pulpitis which is exaggerated on examining for the deepness of the lesion. Fear once more could be attributed to dental phobic disorder or the fright of the invasive intervention that would be coming up. With regard to the usage of dental instruments, injection of local anaesthesia was most normally associated with scared call. Based on invasiveness of the intervention, processs can be ranged and the strongest frights are caused due to injection, followed by the drill and the remotion of the concretion. ( 13 ) hurting call was besides observed during injections. Pain is natural when acerate leaf penetrates the mucous membrane ( 14 ) .obstinate call during the injection could be because, the kid considers injection as a penalty to him. Use of endodontic instruments viz. barbed broochs for ablation of the mush, followed by K files for canal expansion, was normally associated with scared and pain call. Pain was felt even after the disposal of local anaesthesia in some instances, in such instances intra pulpal anaesthesia was given after entering of the call. Fear was attributed to the sight of broochs and files as they resemble to little acerate leafs. Boredom call was besides associate d in some instances with the usage of endodontic instruments because it was a drawn-out process. Dental drill is one of the most normally feared objects and hence it was normally associated with scared call. Another call normally associated with the usage of alveolar consonant drill was compensatory call. This could be attributed to annoyed kids ‘s effort to get the better of the noise and the pandemonium. Pain during boring could be attributed to dentinal sensitiveness and hence it produced hurting call ( 15 ) .cry recorded during usage of crisp instruments viz. scalers, forceps and excavators was largely related to trouble followed by fright. Most of the kids were scared of forceps and objected its usage.hand digging was more normally associated with hurting call and in some instances, although there was no hurting, but yet the process was clip devouring so the kids got fatigued and this resulted in ennui and manipulative call. Compensatory call during this process could bes ides be attributed to the kid ‘s effort to get the better of the unpleasant, clip devouring dental state of affairs. Anterior Restorations were largely related to manipulative and boredom calls because this process was clip consuming, doing the kids tired, fatigued and ungratified. Pain during this process observed in one instance could be reasoned as jaw hurting since the kid had to maintain oral cavity unfastened for a long period. Frightened and stubborn call was less ascertained may be because kids were already conditioned since cavities digging was already completed and they knew that â€Å" now teeth were merely to be filled! â€Å" While doing radiograms, most normally observed call was frightened call as kids were dying about the full exposure unit, particularly the cone. Pain call could be attributed to discomfort during the arrangement of films.obstinate call is more related to personality trait of the kid.

Customer Insight

CDWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Delivering a Professional Service Delivers a professional service that contributes to organisational effectiveness by: Delivering a Customer Focused Service Develops and delivers customer-led services by: Analysing, Improving and Changing Analyses and uses evidence to inform improvement and deliver change by: Managing People and Performance Manages people and resources, and applies project and programme management techniques, to achieve high performance and value for money by: Building Capability LeadingBuilds capability to meet current and future business needs through continuous learning and by communicating in ways that support productive working relationships by: Developing Knowledge and Skills Develops knowledge and skills to meet current and future business needs. Leads by example to deliver business results by: Knowing the Business Understands the organisation and its customers and how customer insight can contribut e to improved services for customers. Responding to Customer Needs Seeks to understand customer requirements and deliver services that are responsive to diverse customer needs.Providing Excellent Customer Service Meets customer needs through excellent customer service. Analysing and using Evidence Uses information to understand performance and make decisions. Deploying People and Resources Effectively Uses resources flexibly and creatively in ways that promote diversity and support the principles of sustainable development. Delivering Results Manages performance to deliver business objectives and meet performance standards. Managing Finance Monitors and manages finances to ensure value for money.Demonstrating Integrity Demonstrates integrity at all times. Demonstrating Customer Insight Expertise Understands customer insight tools and techniques and uses them to generate insights which lead to an improved service and experience for DWP customers. Improving Performance Continuously Se eks and implements ways of improving performance. Working Collaboratively Works collaboratively in ways that value diversity and add to efficiency. Providing Direction Provides and communicates clear direction to achieve DWP strategic objectives.Building Customer Insight Capability Establishes effective stakeholder relationships and contributes to an increasing capability across the organisation for insight generation and application. Engaging with Change Implements change in support of DWP strategic objectives. Communicating with Impact Communicates in ways that promote understanding and maintain confidentiality. DWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Delivering a Professional Service Knowing the BusinessUnderstands the organisation and its customers and contributes to its success by: †¢ Performing in a way that demonstrates understanding of their role within customer insight; †¢ Working in ways that supports the aims, visions and values of the organ isation in being an exemplar of customer service; †¢ Understand what’s most important to DWP customers and the role customer insight plays in developing the customers’ service experience; †¢ Working in ways that support learning from customer feedback; †¢ Working in ways that meet the requirements of the DWP Customer Charter.LEVEL Analysing, Improving and Changing Analysing and Using Evidence Delivering a Customer Focused Service Responding to Customer Needs Investigates, understands and responds to the needs of customers – internal and external – by: †¢ Using appropriate questioning techniques; †¢ Building and maintaining excellent relationships with customers; †¢ Responding to customer feedback; †¢ Treating all customers fairly and with regard to diverse needs.Uses information to assess progress and make decisions by: †¢ Identifying and interpreting relevant sources of information; †¢ Organising information i n a way that helps analysis; †¢ Extracting and presenting information appropriately. 1 Demonstrating Customer Insight Expertise Demonstrates expertise by: †¢ Maintains awareness of relevant customer insight tools and techniques; †¢ Giving colleagues and customers a positive impression of themselves and the organisation; †¢ Using information to inform customer insight decisions and making improvements within their area of ork; †¢ Providing soundly based advice to inform actions in response to customer issues, such as complaint handling/ redress. Providing Excellent Customer Service Delivers excellent customer service by: †¢ Using skills and resources to deliver the best possible service; †¢ Dealing with customer requests, queries and problems; †¢ Meeting customer service standards and requirements. Improving Performance ContinuouslyLooks for better ways of working to improve performance of self and team by: †¢ Reviewing own performance to identify areas for improvement; †¢ Considering a range of approaches when determining how to do things better. Building Customer Insight Capability Builds trust with stakeholders by: †¢ Maintaining a working knowledge of relevant customer insight activity being conducted; †¢ Maintaining a working knowledge of complaints handling/redress policy; †¢ Taking pride in their work, the service they offer and the benefits for the customer; †¢ Demonstrating a proven track record for customer service, delivery and capability.Engaging with Change Helps make changes work by: †¢ Seeking clarification if unsure about reasons for change; †¢ Supporting the implementation of change by making constructive suggestions; †¢ Helping others during times of change and respecting their rights to different views and ideas. DWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Managing People and Performance Delivering ResultsKnows what is required in their day t o day work and takes responsibility for working to a consistently high standard by: †¢ Agreeing role requirements with those they report to and work with; †¢ Planning and managing day-to-day workload to meet agreed targets and deadlines; †¢ Consistently applying policies and procedures that are relevant to the role; †¢ Recognising and reporting risks to the successful completion of work; †¢ Making best use of the available technology and ensuring security of personal and other official information.LEVEL Leading Demonstrating Integrity Building Capability Developing Knowledge and Skills Develops the knowledge and skills needed to meet the requirements of the job and the objectives of the team by: †¢ Understanding their own strengths and development needs, taking into account feedback from others; †¢ Seeking new and better learning and development opportunities, including those available as part of their daily work activity; †¢ Applying and shar ing skills and knowledge learned; †¢ Giving constructive feedback to colleagues. Displays integrity and honesty by: †¢ Keeping promises and fulfilling commitments; †¢ Being able to admit when they have made a mistake; †¢ Building relationships which balance achieving the task with an appreciation of others’ needs. Deploying People and Resources Effectively Makes best use of own time and other resources by: †¢ Monitoring how their time is used and proposing more efficient ways of working; †¢ Reducing wastage and encouraging others to do the same; †¢ Considering the environmental impact of their actions.Working Collaboratively Adopts a business-like approach to working relationships that respects diversity and contributes to effective team working by: †¢ Listening and responding positively to people with differing views and opinions; †¢ Providing honest and constructive feedback and challenging negative behaviours; †¢ Working wi th others to achieve team objectives; †¢ Responding appropriately to diverse needs of others. Managing FinanceHelps to achieve value for money by: †¢ Applying relevant financial and procurement procedures; †¢ Considering value for money of all their actions; †¢ Raising relevant queries on financial reporting. Communicating with Impact Communicates clearly taking account of individual need by: †¢ Adapting communication style to the needs of the audience; †¢ Presenting own views clearly and building on the views of others; †¢ Safeguarding personal and other sensitive, official information.

Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Essays

Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Essays Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Paper Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Paper Ronald Merzier Professor Surrency ENC 1101 26 October 2011 Topic: Arguing for schools requiring student uniforms. Thesis Statement: School uniforms benefit both the students and the faulty. It creates an atmosphere in which the students are able to get the most out of their education. Annotated bibliography: King, K. A. â€Å"Should School Uniforms be Mandated in Elementary Schools†: Journal of School Health. 68: 32–37. This article talks about arguments for and against the use of school uniforms. It explains the dangers of schools not mandated uniforms, some of the examples are kids are into fashion trends like urban clothing. They wear gang related clothing which in turn cause gang members to roam the school area or even enter the school building. It also talks about how kids would be jealous of what another kids are wearing, which in turn would cause bullying. This is related to my research topic because it explains how kids would be in violence towards one another. Marchant,Valerie. â€Å" Dress for Success† Time maginze. 1990. This article talks about how uniforms can have a positive effect on students. The effects are students may become confident in their self and disciplined. Students will be less judgmental of other students because everyone is wearing the same dress code and lastly students will be able to resist peer pressure and focus on their schoolwork. Then it talks about how a high school now wears uniforms cause fewer distractions, less suspensions and better attendance. This is related to my topic because it talks about the positive effects of wearing school uniforms. Wilkins, Joe. â€Å"School uniforms. † Humanist, 59. 2 (1999), 19-22. This article talks about the different aspects of how school uniforms can influence students daily life. It talks about how the schools can identify the intruders and how parents would be saving money instead of buying expensive name brand clothing or urban clothing. This is related to my topic because its talking about how uniforms will help out students and parents. Boutelle, Marsha. â€Å"Uniforms: Are They a Good Fit? † Education Digest, 73. (2008), 35-37. This article is about the different viewpoints on school uniforms. It talks about dress codes and how school uniforms effect the students. One other thing it talks about is how school uniforms teach good values and good citizenship and uniform promote safety. This article is related to my topic because its helping me decide on what I can use as my supporting details and main reasons why school uniforms should be required. Damast, Alison. â€Å" Return of the Dress Code. † Business Week. 2007. This article talks about marketing students at Illinois State University are required to follow a dress code when they are going to class. It talks about the reactions the students made, like some students like the change. They feel that it prepares them for the real world another’s say the policy is fine but feel that why they have to wear it to non- marketing class. This article is related to my topic because it talks about how uniforms are good for you which can give me more supporting details to write about

Individualism

Individualism 1) An individualist is considered to be someone with personality and character, someone who is not easily intimidated by social pressure or customs, someone with a personal opinion and a singular view of the world. Because modern society finds it important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives, the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. However, individualism is also linked with the tendency to withdraw from social life and turn in towards oneself. 2) Which drives people to withdraw into a small, enclosed world consisting of their family and a few select friends, leaving the rest of society to its own devices. 3) Courageous individualism refers to the dedication shown by people who have independently chosen for something or someone and work energetically for its sake in spite of opposition from family or society; indifferent individualism refers to people who have either lost all hope in their fellow human beings or are no longer interested in initiatives of a social nature, with the result that they are prepared to withdraw from society at all costs.Individualism4) people who have received less education and who find themselves in a precarious economic situation are more quickly inclined to believe that it is 'everyone for himself' in our society: on this view, politicians pay no attention to the needs of the people, society develops in a chaotic and unpredictable manner, the welfare we once enjoyed belongs definitively to the past, life has little meaning, and there are no longer any people or associations to which one can make an appeal. 5)On the other hand, whoever considers work not only as one's own achievement but also as an opportunity provided by the community, and whoever sees it as one's duty as a citizen to ensure opportunities for fellow citizens...

A Look at Feminist Utopia and Dystopia Literature

A Look at Feminist Utopia and Dystopia Literature Feminist Utopia Feminist utopia is a type of social science fiction. Usually, a feminist utopia novel envisions a world in stark contrast to patriarchal society. Feminist utopia imagines a society without gender oppression, envisioning a future or an alternate reality where men and women are not stuck in traditional roles of inequality. These novels are often set in worlds where men are entirely absent. Feminist Dystopia Often, a feminist science fiction novel is more of a dystopia. Dystopic science fiction imagines a world gone terribly wrong, exploring the most extreme possible consequences of current society’s problems. In a feminist dystopia, the inequality of society or oppression of women is exaggerated or intensified to highlight the need for change in contemporary society. Explosion of a Subgenre There was a great increase in feminist utopian literature during the second-wave feminism of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Feminist science fiction is often seen as more concerned with societal roles and power dynamics than the technological advances and space travel of â€Å"typical† science fiction. Examples Early feminist utopias: City of Ladies by Christine de Pizan  Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Contemporary feminist utopia novels: Works by Marge PiercyThe Wanderground by Sally Miller Gearhart Feminist dystopia novels: Walk to the End of the World by Suzy McKee CharnasThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood There are also many books, such as Joanna Russ’ The Female Man, that explore both utopia and dystopia.

Cost Accounting and Management Decisions Assignment

Cost Accounting and Management Decisions - Assignment Example 1). Management of this company believes in ranking the automobiles by the quantity of contribution margin earned for internal decision-making purposes. They view direct labor, direct material, and the variable manufacturing overhead as product costs while fixed manufacturing overhead as period costs (Hicks, 2002, p. 36). A major change in the company’s manufacturing has been conversion of most of the plants to produce smaller cars instead of the bigger cars that are seen as fuel inefficient. In the recent past, Ford Motor Company has concentrated of production and sell of small cars that achieve higher mileage on less fuel. This strategy has been influenced by the desire to cut on the global air pollution, something responsible for the global warming. The current global challenges have made the company embark on manufacturing varieties of the automobiles to ensure that the costs are balanced. For this reason, management has lately discouraged any production of goods that do no t produce adequate sales to cover up its variable manufacturing costs (Weygandt, Kimmel and  Kieso, 2011, p. 23). The company has maintained the main manufacturing lines of cars, trucks, buses, tractors, and their spare parts. Ford’s success motorsport has been evident in their ability to manufacture rally cars, stock cars, formula one, sports cars, as well as touring cars. It is also important to note that the company has maintained its presence in all parts of the world, having assembly lines in many countries in order to serve many regions. Changes in the Variable/Fixed Cost Structure of the Company on Cost-Volume Analysis Decision by Managers First, it is important to note that fixed costs do not change as a whole but register changes per unit when production volume changes, and on the other hand, variable cost indicates constant unit cost but changes in total when a decrease or an increase in production is registered. Ford’s fixed costs may include rents for the plants and machinery while variable costs may include direct labor. This means that fixed cost is as important as variable cost and monitoring the changing trends stands to help managers make informed decisions. World over, absorption costing is commonly used for both internal and external information in an organization. Most companies use absorption approach entirely because of its attention on full costing of units of a particular product. In order to make informed choices, most managers assume that fixed manufacturing overheads directly vary in relation to the automobile units sold, something that never works (Weygandt, Kimmel and  Kieso, 2011, p. 103). Managers who make this mistake may assume that since costing is done per unit base, an additional manufactured should cost the same, while reality shows an additional expense. Ford Motor Company is a multinational manufacturer, employing very many employees in all the plants across the globe. Labor has been an important factor in ensuring that production consistency is achieved in this company. In the current economic uncertainties, managers in this company are sometimes faced with the dilemma of laying of workforce in an attempt to maintain profitability. Such a decision is informed by the notion that direct labor is variable cost, something that is disputable because most of its workers are highly skilled and are under employment contracts. For this reason, any decision made by the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example A marketing strategy is the means that the producer uses to focus and identify various ways he can influence the decision of his customers to purchase his products. The marketing concept to be used should satisfy consumer needs and help the producer to achieve in increasingly competitive markets. To achieve competitive advantage, in an increasingly competitive market place, the producer should establish an effective market strategy that will influence consumer wishes and win them into his side. Erich claims that the manufacturing of various products factors in behavior and wishes of buyers because the producer wishes to influence and change buyers’ interests in production. This statement raises ethical concerns about whether marketing is ethically professional; this is because producers aim to manipulate consumer behaviors in various ways of marketing. Producers manufacture consumer behavior in various ways for instance, through packaging. Producers package their products in a way to attract attention of the buyers to a certain brand, promote its image, and influence the perception of buyers about the brand2. Packaging can as well impart unique value to brands, and act as a differentiation tool – for instance, aid buyers select the brand from various same brands, stimulate buyers purchasing behavior. Producers use various packaging aspects such as packaging color, material, wrapper design, background image, creativity and printed information to tailor consumer wishes. Packaging color attracts buyers’ attention through its attractiveness, while packaging materials prevents brand loss as high quality materials attracts more buyers. For instance, some water production companies’ offers a clear packaging; in fact, these packaging uses pale blue bottles and a plastic seal at the middle of its lid. Apparently, use of pale blue on the bottle is an indication of water purity. Moreover, the packaging entails a vivid logo; for example, mountai ns, and brand names aimed at representing the nature of the product offered to consumers3. Packaging and branding information assist in the process of building brand reputation and customers’ appeal; in fact, it serves as an indication that the brand is fit for human health and consumption. They also indicate the quality, purity, and safety of the brand creating a strong competitive advantage over competitor brands. The design of the wrapper attracts consumer wishes, for instance, children prefer wrappers that are more sensitive. Therefore, packaging plays a critical function in marketing communication; thus, could be considered as a critical way of manufacturing consumer wishes to demand and buy product. Producers use their company reputation to tailor consumer wishes. Experts agree that every business, despite its competitiveness, trivial, or outsized, they chiefly rely on repute for triumph, survival, and customer satisfaction. Customers, personnel, vendors, financiers, co mmunication networks, and monitors may have an elemental outcome. They all have essential perceptions regarding other businesses they interrelate with on a daily basis. These perceptions extensively influence their decisions on their interests to purchase from, work with, and market or support these companies. Therefore, producers strove to offer an effectual, responsive customer service, which is vital to product promotion and

PROJECT PROPOSAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

PROJECT PROPOSAL - Essay Example The ability of the virtual server to keep resources separate is a strong element. Feasibility studies done shows that there is a tremendous advantage with virtualization. Costs, space, resource and skills requirements, company acceptance and cost to benefit appraisals indicate a necessity to move to this technology of cloud computing with single servers. This project intends to begin by eliminating the old one with one server, one application and replace with a multiple virtual computers. This will free IT administrators from spending time on server management instead of engaging in innovations. In addition the project will see a successful transformation of client server operations from uni-servers to multiple servers. The project will require budgetary allocation of computer hardware’s and OS, IT and logistical support staff and space. The project is expected to have all the servers consolidated into one which ultimately aid in data recovery during disasters, save energy and costs. The functions of staff shall be diversified with reduced server functions. The project is also expected to run multiple operating systems, create virtual PC environments, perform and run enterprise applications, built up enterprise desktop management and control. In additional, the virtual systems should be able to construct business continuity by improving disaster recovery solutions and bringing forth excellent availability throughout the data zones. The project is anticipated to be carried out in 3 weeks with the work broken down in logical sequencing maximizing the staff specific skills and ability to work as a team to realize the objectives of the project. All the project stake holders will be communicated to through appropriate and suitable communication channels. Besides, work will be measured through work done against the planned tasks, while costs will be monitored with those budgeted for. These aspects will form the basis for monitoring and evaluating the results a gainst planned outcomes and expectations of the key stakeholders. Case I:Westminster College- A server virtualization project success story Westminster College is a classic case of based server consolidation initiative. This project allowed for disposal of aged servers that were still hosting web applications and were therefore in the process to re-engineering. The idea of new servers purchase was not conceivable hence rethinking of virtualization was imperative. The project manager had great task of assembling resources, doing feasibility studies and fact finding mission of cost benefit analysis of the Westminster college virtualization project. The phase out project greatly intertwined support services with different processes like portal application thus exceeding the time planned for project completion. The project manager had to ensure timely completion of the project. However, intertwined processes delayed actual completion of the exercise. The success of the project was in it s work breakdown, the project manager had a strong desire to transform deliverables without upsetting the budget. The project considerably reduced electrical costs and did not have to reroute all the existing services. To ensure that the project met specifications, phase one roll out formed a basis for configuring other applications. The Westminster Colle

Corporate Group Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corporate Group Structure - Essay Example The existence of the limited liability principle further serves as a means whereby such parent companies may be able to legally escape the consequences of their risk taking and where there is additional scope provided for financial manipulation of accounts. The doctrine of limited liability allows a parent company's responsibility to be limited to its own liabilities and thereby increases the scope for risk taking and profit enhancing behavior, which are generally beneficial for the economy. In the wake of the corporate scandals, reforms have been introduced in most countries, with increased focus on corporate governance and accountability. There have also been further proposals to introduce a more comprehensive regime dealing with corporate liability, wherein parent corporations would also be held responsible for tortuous claims arising out of the actions of their subsidiaries. But such reforms have been opposed on the grounds that they would limit corporate flexibility and function as a deterrent to economic growth because they would hinder risk taking behavior. The analysis below examines the pros and cons of reducing the scope of limited liability and corporate flexibility. The limited liability basis of C... In this case, the Court held that a corporation has a separate and distinct legal personality apart from its owners and/or shareholders. Irrespective of the extent to which a shareholder has an interest in the Company, even if such an individual is the director in complete control of the Company's affairs, the acts and liabilities of the Company are held to be separate and not his/her acts or liabilities. The corporate body as an entity is impersonal and individuals may function in different capacities within an organization3, with their financial activities being shielded from the public eye, by virtue of the corporate veil. The corporation as a legal entity propagates itself and individuals associated with it are able to be exempted from liability for the debts of the Company. The limited liability aspect has been deemed beneficial for the improved efficiency of the securities markets.4 . Limited liability has been deemed to promote "innovation, investment and risk taking by the corporation."5 Limited liability is deemed to have a positive effect in terms of providing incentives for investment, diversification of portfolios and for the efficient operation of security markets. Corporate structure and limited liability: The significance of the Salomon case is that it established (a) a corporation as a separate legal entity and (b) the principle that the debts of a corporation are not the debts of its members, officers or directors. This decision establishing the independent legal personality of the corporation in relation to a single company that was rendered in the Salomon v Salomon6 case was extended to groups of companies by the decision rendered in the case of Adams v Cape Industries Plc7. Extension of

Psychological theories of personality (SLP) Essay

Psychological theories of personality (SLP) - Essay Example There are 16 possible psychological types identified by the MBTI psychological model. Using the MBTI model we learn of the four dichotomies of psychological preferences (Bayne, 1997). This model is useful in dictating the character of an individual. The MBTI scores are used in the determination of attitudes and feelings. Attitudes are used to measure the factors of extraversion and introversion (Ewen, 2003). While, functions are divided into perceiving functions of sensing and intuition and the judging functions are made up of thinking and feeling. The interaction of one or more preferences in the MBTI is referred to as type dynamics. On the other hand, the five factor theory is used as a descriptive measure of the human personality. This model contains the five factors of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Through this model openness can be described as the ability to appreciate a lot of emotion, adventure or new ideas (Quenk, 2009). While, conscientiousness is a trait that makes a person behave obediently and exhibit self discipline. All these factors have been extensively tested and found to have strong correlation to human character traits. The FFM (five factor models) use has confirmed high validity and conformity scores to common human behavior traits. For instance, a research was conducted on a population of approximately 24, 000 people using 162 samples and conscientiousness trait matched all the set performance criteria. However, the FFM has been criticized as being limited to a ssessing all human character traits since the model is mainly based on predicting character (Quenk, 2009). The comparison of MBTI and FFM show that the two models have the tendency of being similar. The correlation between the two set of personality models show that four of the MBTI measures are related to the big five personality models in the FFM. Extraversion and

Corporate Group Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corporate Group Structure - Essay Example The existence of the limited liability principle further serves as a means whereby such parent companies may be able to legally escape the consequences of their risk taking and where there is additional scope provided for financial manipulation of accounts. The doctrine of limited liability allows a parent company's responsibility to be limited to its own liabilities and thereby increases the scope for risk taking and profit enhancing behavior, which are generally beneficial for the economy. In the wake of the corporate scandals, reforms have been introduced in most countries, with increased focus on corporate governance and accountability. There have also been further proposals to introduce a more comprehensive regime dealing with corporate liability, wherein parent corporations would also be held responsible for tortuous claims arising out of the actions of their subsidiaries. But such reforms have been opposed on the grounds that they would limit corporate flexibility and function as a deterrent to economic growth because they would hinder risk taking behavior. The analysis below examines the pros and cons of reducing the scope of limited liability and corporate flexibility. The limited liability basis of C... In this case, the Court held that a corporation has a separate and distinct legal personality apart from its owners and/or shareholders. Irrespective of the extent to which a shareholder has an interest in the Company, even if such an individual is the director in complete control of the Company's affairs, the acts and liabilities of the Company are held to be separate and not his/her acts or liabilities. The corporate body as an entity is impersonal and individuals may function in different capacities within an organization3, with their financial activities being shielded from the public eye, by virtue of the corporate veil. The corporation as a legal entity propagates itself and individuals associated with it are able to be exempted from liability for the debts of the Company. The limited liability aspect has been deemed beneficial for the improved efficiency of the securities markets.4 . Limited liability has been deemed to promote "innovation, investment and risk taking by the corporation."5 Limited liability is deemed to have a positive effect in terms of providing incentives for investment, diversification of portfolios and for the efficient operation of security markets. Corporate structure and limited liability: The significance of the Salomon case is that it established (a) a corporation as a separate legal entity and (b) the principle that the debts of a corporation are not the debts of its members, officers or directors. This decision establishing the independent legal personality of the corporation in relation to a single company that was rendered in the Salomon v Salomon6 case was extended to groups of companies by the decision rendered in the case of Adams v Cape Industries Plc7. Extension of

The worlds scariest virus of all viruses Research Paper

The worlds scariest virus of all viruses - Research Paper Example Viruses are the smallest existing microorganisms which may be made up of either DNA or RNA as their means of storing genetic information. They only survive and replicate inside host cells like those of humans and even animals. This paper is aimed at examining the list of top viruses that have proven deadly in the world today and even in the recent years. It also explains in brief the predisposing factors that favor the survival of these viruses, their effects in human bodies and the general effect of them in the world. Some of the viruses discussed, in order of their deadliness, include the Human Immune-deficiency virus, Ebola virus and the Rotavirus. This listing method may vary from one state to another, depending on epidemiology and environmental conditions of the state. The impact of these viruses on the working economy of the world is also analyzed, given the increasing trend in occurrences of viral diseases. Introduction What would one say or think is the world’s number one killer of human beings today? Would they think its war, automobile accidents, or maybe even cancers? If one were to assume those answers, then that would be completely wrong. This paper the will try to prove that the deadliest things to mankind are viruses. In this paper, the author will list the top three killers of all times, specifically the number one deadly virus known to us as HIV. This paper will go into deep detail of the number one virus and its effects on the human being’s body. ... The virus is introduced into the human body through various ways, including sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and congenital transmission from mother to child (WHO, 2013). Once the virus has established itself, it survives and thrives killing the mentioned cells, damaging the infected person’s immunity and leaving them more at risk of acquiring infections. Once the virus has destroyed one’s immune system, the person is left vulnerable to secondary infections and other opportunistic diseases. The majority of people infected with HIV develop AIDS at later stages of the virus progression. Once a patient has AIDS, tumors, and a number of infections, which are controlled by the CD4+ T helper cells, begin to manifest. Predisposing Factors There are various predisposing factors for the virus to establish itself in the body and cause a disease. Those at risk of contracting the disease are drug users who use needles to inject themselves, those who have multiple sex partners, and practice unprotected sex. Infants who are born to mothers who are infected by the disease are also at risk of contracting the virus. Once infected, the virus can last for even ten years before the clinical signs appear. This makes it more dangerous as one can continue transmitting the virus to others unknowingly. The clinical presentation of the resultant disease varies, depending on the person’s nutritional status and their immunity, from one person to another. The clinical signs include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle pains, rashes and sores in the body, and headaches among others. To show the presence of the virus in the body, antibodies against the virus, which are produced in case the virus invade the body, are detected

Analysing Result Graphs Essay Example for Free

Analysing Result Graphs Essay This graph shows the range of ages of the people that I surveyed. The majority was split evenly between the 30 40 age group and the 40 50 age group. I asked for this information so I could find out what age group I should target my business at in terms of style atmosphere and advertising to attract the most possible customers. Now I know who my target audience is I can advertise well to attract customers of that age and set an atmosphere and style to suit that age group. This pie chart shows the average amount of times that the person surveyed goes on every year. This information is vital as it is an indicator as to whether the business will have many customers throughout the year. If the chart were to show that people didnt go on many holidays then there would be no point in the business but as the chart shows the majority of people go on at least 2 holidays on average every year indicating the business will be successful. This doughnut chart shows where the ideal location for Cherry Kennels would be for the majority of the people surveyed. This is crucial to get right because it needs to be located where the public find it most convenient and also were business will be more successful from being close to a lot of potential customers. As clearly shown in the chart, the preferred location for Cherry Kennels would be somewhere situated in Brentwood. Therefore this is where I shall set up Cherry Kennels once I have found a suitable place in Brentwood. This bar chart represents how much the people surveyed are willing to pay per night of their cat/dog staying at Cherry Kennels. It is important to get the pricing correct because it needs to be cheap enough to keep the customers happy and attract more customers, but it needs to be expensive enough to make a decent profit. Thats why I asked this question, to see what the majority of people thought was a fair price. The majority of people believe that à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35 is a fair price per night and I see this to be reasonable and enough to make a profit so therefore this is how it shall be priced. This final graph shows how much the people surveyed are willing to pay to have their dog/cat professionally groomed. I asked this question to find out whether there is any point in having the additional grooming parlours if no-one would use it but not only did the majority of people say they would use it but they also chose a reasonable price again to suit them as customers and me looking to make a profit. As the graph shows the majority of people chose à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25 so therefore this is how it shall be priced. Competitors My main local competitor is Ladybird Kennels located in Ingatestone. This is because they to provide boarding kennels for both cats and dogs. Ladybird Kennels aim to provide their guests with an excellent standard of service and care based on over 10 years of experience. As quoted in their Ladybird brochure.  Ladybird kennels is not in a very busy area but is opposite an entrance to a very busy motorway so a lot of people are constantly driving past, this isnt too much of a problem because the front building/reception area is not that appealing from the outside. By locating Cherry Kennels in a busy place such as Brentwood I hope to gain more customers as it is more conveniently placed than having to go out of your way to get to Ladybird Kennels. Cherry Kennels will provide very similar services as Ladybird Kennels apart from the fact that Cherry Kennels will provide the additional professional grooming parlors. Another difference is that Cherry Kennels will be able to hold and take care of a considerable amount of more cats and dogs. Finally Ladybird Kennels has a Discount food shop which is not planned for Cherry Kennels but could be considered.  Ladybird Kennels is very old fashioned and has been around for ten years so the target audience for its services will probably be the same as Cherry Kennels between 30 50 years of age. This is not a problem however as Cherry Kennels will be more modern to suit this age group and up and coming generations so business will continue well.

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination This essay will discuss my experience of having undertaken the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) where I was asked to write and carry out particular clinical skills testing my competence and knowledge. I will use a reflective model to discuss my experience of having undertaken the OSCE and my thoughts about the feedback I received. The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Gibbs model of reflection includes: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The model will be applied to the essay to help me access what happened, make sense of it, and learn through my own experience by relating theory to practice and backing it up with evidence. The clinical skill of which I was tested on within the OSCE I have chosen to reflect on within this essay is the mechanism of labour. I have chosen this because midwives use the theory of the mechanism of labour to assess progress during labour, and to explain events during labour. Understanding the mechanism of labour has direct implications for midwifery practice (midwifery.org, 2001), so therefore is very important for me to understand and implement in my own practice. The first stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of events. I was given a scenario which stated that I was looking after a patient called Jane who had been admitted to labour ward in labour. I was asked to demonstrate the mechanism of labour with the doll and pelvis provided and asked to describe my actions and speak clearly while carrying out the process. Once I had read the scenario I grabbed the doll and pelvis and sat down on the chair provided and placed the dolls head in the pelvis in the transverse position. Then stated that fetal axis pressure and cervical dilatation increases causing the fetus to enter the pelvic cavity and head rotates 1/8 of a circle to lie in the oblique of the pelvis putting the doll in a right occipitoposterior position. With maternal effort in the second stage the baby descends along the curve of carus and is born by extension. When the head is born it restitutes to be in line with the shoulders. The dolls head was born face t o symphisis pubis. Then the shoulders descend and turn with the next contraction to lie in the anterior posterior diameter of the outlet. The head rotates externally and with this there is internal rotation of the shoulders. The baby is then delivered by lateral flexion with the next contraction. Once I had completed my explanation, I was given a second attempt to go through it again. So I did and unknowingly corrected a few mistakes I had made. I am now going to enter into the second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection, which is a discussion about my thoughts and feelings. Even though this assessment was formative, I was aware that it would show my lecturers as well as myself the level of my competence I had in understanding the mechanism of labour. I knew I would find explaining the mechanism of labour difficult as it contains a lot of information which needs to be explained in an orderly way. I was being examined by Swi Ong a senior lecturer at Middlesex University who is also my link lecturer at chase farm hospital. Being watched made me feel very nervous and under pressure to get it correct. Once I finished my explanation, I was asked to have a second attempt, my first thought was to focus my thoughts as I could hear myself muddle my explanations of events on my first run. After my second attempt I was pleased with myself as I focussed more and corrected some mistakes I had made in my initial attempt. Once I had c ompleted this section of the OSCE, I was not down hearted about my performance but took it as a learning experience which would help me access my own ability and help show areas which I need to improve on. Evaluation is the third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflector to state what was good and bad about the event. Once I had received my feedback from I was aware that research by Workman (1999) suggests that the use of skin cleansing wipes is inconsistent and not necessary in IM injections if the patient appears to be physically clean and an aseptic technique is adopted, along with stringent hand washing by the nurse. It has also been noted that the use of cleansing with an alcohol wipe can cause skin hardening (Mallet Dougherty 2000). The trust policy was to follow guidelines published by the Royal Marsden Hospital (Mallet Dougherty 2000). The Royal Marsden (Mallet Dougherty 2000) advocate the use of skin cleansing wipes, however it is stated within their guidelines that they adopt this because their patients are often immunocompromised, and give evidence of previous studies which indicate that skin cleansing is not normally necessary. Therefore my practice was within the trust protocol. This experience made me think about my attitude towards literature and how it is applied in practice. Burnard (2002) suggests that a learner is a passive recipient of received knowledge, and that learning through activity engages all of our senses. The site used in the IM injection was the gluteus maximus, this the most commonly used site for the administration of IM injections (Greenway 2004, Workman 1999). The gluteus maximus area is both thick and fleshy with a good blood supply (Watson 2000). It is located in the hip area and forms the buttock (Watson 2000). It has been noted by Watson (2000) that the gluteus maximus is near the sciatic nerve and Greenway (2004) suggests that this presents a risk of threat of injury in the administration of IM injections. When I administered the IM injection to the patient, I injected into the gluteus maximus muscle, as the evidence stipulates this is best practice. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) is an analysis of the event, where Gibbs encourages the reflector to make sense of the situation. I will do this by exploring the skill and looking at the evidence underpinning it. An IM injection is the administration of medication into the muscle; there are many reasons why drugs are given via the IM route (Workman 1999). These include a rapid absorption rate, the conscious state of the patient, and the drug effect being altered by ingestion (Mallet Dougherty 2000, Workman 1999). Workman (1999) suggests there are four considerations in giving an injection, the site of injection, the technique, the equipment and the route. On my clinical placement, an orthopaedic outpatient centre, IM injections were administered on an almost daily basis. However Hemsworth (2000) comments that IM injections are rarely used in certain specialities and suggests that, in this case, nurses current practice in IM injections may not be up to date with recent research findings. Through evaluation of the event in question I have become more aware of different practices concerning the use of alcohol wipes in skin cleansing. I am aware that both practices have been researched, but as I develop professionally I am developing my own skills and will not cleanse the skin in future unless the trust policy dictates so or the patient requests me to do so. There is no clear evidence in this area but I will use the literature which is available to justify my actions, and therefore give evidence based care. The reason my mentor suggested using the alcohol wipe could be that she has been qualified for a long time, and practices have changed. In this scenario I have learnt from experience and through experience (Burnard 2002). Following this incident in practice I will now be more prepared to challenge the views of others in relation to my clinical practice. In conclusion, stage five of the Gibbs (1988) model, I am aware that all nurses do not use evidence in the same way and may use different methods but as long as my practice is safe and evidence based then I can practice safely. My future practice will depend on the area in which I am working and I aim to find out the trust protocol concerning clinical procedures before I commence any procedure Within my action plan my aim is to research further into the theory of using alcohol wipes in the administration of IM injections. I am also planning to have a discussion with the qualified nurses on the subject of skin cleansing. In conclusion my reflection skills have developed through the production of this essay. Using a model of reflection has helped me to structure my thoughts and feelings appropriately. My level of awareness concerning evidence based practice, and its importance, has been enhanced with the use of critical reflection. My competence, within this clinical skill, has been further developed and I now feel that my personal and professional development is progressing. Using this reflective model has helped me to realise that my learning is something which I must be proactive in. Furthermore as a student nurse I have recognised that reflection is an important learning tool in practice. Description; Feelings; Evaluation; Analysis; Conclusion; Action Plan

A Million Miles from Home - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

A Million Miles from Home - Original Writing The dismal black forest hid the house in its shadows. The house appeared empty; its impression of wealth and elegance had faded. The iron gates were drenched in dead roses, making the house unattractive. The path had been swallowed by the trees until there was no path at all. Everything seemed bleak, and death mourned upon the house. She cried for months, not knowing how to occupy her self. As it grew inside her, she felt she has less reason to stay in this realm. She knew the mutation which was occurring inside her womb, but her mind failed to accept it. She could not appreciate that everything had malformed; her husband left her and the unborn child she had carried was due to be present to the world. A Tuesday morning of 1959, she awoke with discontent. She stood, holding the posts of her bed, finding the weight of her body too much for her legs. Her legs trembled and her hands grasped tighter. The pain became unbearable, as she started to scream. She fell to the floor, pulling the drapes off the bed, smashing glass into a million and one pieces. She crawled to the bathroom, gasping for air. The pain became subtle. She knew that the last nine months of her body’s transformation depended on this moment. Now she had to accept, she was in labour. She walked to the kitchen for towels and hot water. The wooden floor on her feet was unusually cold. There was a peculiar smell as she entered the corridor, which seemed abnormally dark. She got to the kitchen, the door was ajar. She pushed through effortlessly and, curiously, there was a chair backed up against the door. There w... ... The picture was happy, so very happy. â€Å"This is your bloody mother, she ruined your father, and she deserved to be in the situation she is now. You are so like her!† Geraldine could not keep her mouth shut. She grasped the racket tightly in her hand. Geraldine stood up behind Indie. She lifted her arm back and swung through the air. Indie fell to the floor. . . . . . Indie stood up, she tuned to face Geraldine but she had already left. She turned to help her mother. Indie picked the woman off the floor, but she stood up. The woman faced Indie, and held her child in her awaiting arms. Indie had never felt so belonged in her whole life. The baby began to cry, Indie placed the baby in her arms and uncovered the sheets. The blood had cleared from the wall, and everything was perfect, absolutely perfect.

Leadership: Bases of Power Essay

Who would want to work for a weak manager? Managers need power to do their jobs, because their jobs require them to influence others. Consequently, managers who feel powerless to influence others experience a tremendous amount of frustration and stress. Their staff members tend to feel frustrated too. Power means many different things to different people. For some, power is seen as corrupt. For others, the more power they have, the more successful they feel. For even others, power is of no interest at all. Positions of authority confer power to the people who hold managerial positions. However, managers who rely solely on their formal authority to influence others will find that it doesn’t inspire their staff, and can even demoralize them. Hence, it helps to also derive power from other sources. Charisma and having personal appeal are sources of power too. Power can also be developed by becoming and expert or by performing critical role for the firm. Bases of Social Power Bases of power refer to the methods that managers and leaders utilize to influence their employees. When examining bases of power, the concept of authority must also be considered. These two are interconnected attributes tied to the behavior of superiors over subordinates. In their article, â€Å"Are There No Limits To Authority?†, David Knights and Darren McCabe explain that â€Å"power should be understood to be a condition of social relations. Thus, it is erroneous to ask who has power. Instead, it is necessary to explore how power is exercised.† In turn, the nature of how power is exercised is a workable definition for authority. In short, authority and power are intertwined, with power being the ability to do things or have others do what one has ordered while authority is the foundation on which that power is built. The bases of social power are very diverse, and no list is ever complete. Nonetheless, the commonly identified bases of power fit pretty well into two categories; position-related factors and personal factors. Position-related factors. Position power comes from the legitimacy inherent in many positions, the ability to provide rewards, the ability to coerce, access to valuable information and performing a critical function. These position-related factors are: Legitimate power allows leaders to motivate others simply because they hold the leadership position. Sometimes we comply with the wishes of a leader just because of the societal expectations for us to do so. For instance, if Colin Powell shows up at your club’s luncheon and wants to say a few words, you let him. Why do you give him that privilege? Stupid question. He’s the Secretary of State! You just do that sort of thing for someone in his position. That’s legitimate power. That kind of legitimacy isn’t always very strong for managers who are promoted to a position in which they must supervise their former peers. If the former peers have any difficulty adjusting to their managers’ new positions, legitimacy will be kind of weak. Legitimate power comes from having a position of power in an organization, such as being the boss or a key member of a leadership team. This power comes when employees in the organization recognize the authority of the individual. For example, the CEO who determines the overall direction of the company and the resource needs of the company. Legitimate power rests in the belief among employees that their manager has the right to give orders based on his or her position. For example, at the scene of a crime, people usually comply with the orders of a uniformed police officer based simply on their shared belief that he or she has the predetermined authority to give such orders. In a corporate setting, employees comply with the orders of a manager who relies on legitimate power based on the position in the organizational hierarchy that the manager holds. Yet, although employees may comply based on legitimate power, they may not feel a sense of commitment or cooperation. Reward power is the ability to provide incentives to others if they will cooperate with you. Managers who can affect their direct reports’ income, perks, job assignments, etc. are able to offer rewards in exchange for compliance. Having a high degree of reward power really helps a manager influence others. Reward power is conveyed through rewarding individuals for compliance with one’s wishes. This may be done through given bonuses, raises, a promotion, extra time off from work, etc. For example, the supervisor who provides employees comp time when they meet an objective she sets for a project. Reward power, as the name implies, rests on the ability of a manager to give some sort of reward to employees. These rewards can range from monetary compensation to improved work schedules. Reward power often does not need monetary or other tangible compensation to work when managers can convey various intangible benefits as rewards. Huey describes Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., as an active user of reward power. Walton relies heavily on these intangible awards, indicating that â€Å"nothing else can quite substitute for a few well-chosen, well-timed, sincere words of praise. They are absolutely free-and worth a fortune†. When reward power is used in a flexible manner, it can prove to be a strong motivator, as Crosby, Deming, and others have shown. Still, when organizations rely too rigidly on rewards, the system can backfire. Employees may be tempted to unethically or even illegally meet the quotas to which overly rigid reward systems may be tied. Another problem associated with rewards as a base for power is the possibility that the rewards will divert employees’ attention from their jobs and focus their attention instead on the rewards da ngled before them. Coercive power is the ability to punish or intimidate. It’s often said that unions eliminate management’s ability to sanction uncooperative employees. That may be a bit of an exaggeration, but when collective bargaining agreements state that management can only terminate employees with cause, management does have restricted ability to coerce cooperation. Managers should use coercion with great care anyway. Coercion only motivates minimal cooperation and breeds resentment. Coercive power is conveyed through fear of losing one’s job, being demoted, receiving a poor performance review, having prime projects taken away, etc. This power is gotten through threatening others. For example, the VP of Sales who threatens sales folks to meet their goals or get replaced. Coercive power rests in the ability of a manager to force an employee to comply with an order through the threat of punishment. Coercive power typically leads to short-term compliance, but in the long-run produces dysfunctional behavior. Coercion reduces employees’ satisfaction with their jobs, leading to lack of commitment and general employee withdrawal. In the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, coercive power has seen a decline in the last 50 years. Several reasons contribute to this, ranging from the legal erosion of employment-at-will and the awareness of employee violence or other forms of retaliatory behavior. Equally important as an effect on the receding popularity of coercion as a basis of power has been the influence of quality management theorists, such as Philip Crosby and W. Edwards Deming. They suggested that there is a decline in productivity and creativity when coercive power is employed. The use of coercive power results in an atmosphere of insecurity or fear. In spite of this insight, coercion as a base of power continues to play a role even in those organizations influenced by theories of quality management. In times of economic crisis or threats to the survival of the organization at large, coercion may come to the forefront. Coercive power may also materialize as organizations attempt to streamline their operations for maximum efficiency. If employees must be fired, those who fail to conform to the organizational goals for survival will be the most likely candidates for termination. The threat of termination for failure to comply, in turn, is coercive power. Access to valuable information produces power because valuable information is a resource that can be exchanged. Back in the days when managers had secretaries do all their typing and schedule their meetings, some secretaries had access to a lot of important information. Consequently, people who were nice to secretaries were able to get information and access to key personnel that jerks couldn’t get. Even without having formal authority, the secretaries did have power, and shrewd business people treated secretaries with respect. Performing a critical function confers power, but only to the extent that the individual or group performing the function is irreplaceable. One of my favorite examples of criticality and irreplaceability as they pertain to power comes from NBC’s television show, West Wing. At the end of the first season, the producers were expecting to have to renegotiate a lot of the actors’ contracts. The producers wanted to bring the whole cast back because audiences don’t react well to new actors playing established roles or to roles that are clumsily dropped from the story. Thus, each actor was critical and irreplaceable. Of course, producers don’t have to replace an actor whose character died. So, the writers arranged to have the West Wing season finale end with a gunshot that could have killed any of the critical actors. It wasn’t until the second season that we found out who got hit. By making the actors less critical, the producers reduced the actors’ negotiating power. Personal factors. A number of personal qualities can also contribute to a person’s power in an organization. Some of these are: Expertise that can be used in exchange for favors is a form of power. For instance, if you’re an expert with PowerPoint you can help colleagues put together their presentations, and you can get favors from them in return. Expert power comes from ones’ experiences, skills or knowledge. As we gain experience in particular areas, and become thought leaders in those areas, we begin to gather expert power that can be utilized to get others to help us meet our goals. For example, the Project Manager who is an expert at solving particularly challenging problems to ensure a project stays on track. Expert power rests on the belief of employees that an individual has a particularly high level of knowledge or highly specialized skill set. Managers may be accorded authority based on the perception of their greater knowledge of the tasks at hand than their employees. Interestingly, in expert power, the superior may not rank higher than the other persons in a formal sense. Thus, when an equipment repair person comes to the CEO’s office to fix a malfunctioning piece of machinery, no question exists that the CEO outranks the repair person; yet regarding the specific task of getting the machine operational, the CEO is likely to follow the orders of the repair person. Expert power has within it a built-in point of weakness: as a point of power, expertise diminishes as knowledge is shared. If a manager shares knowledge or skill instruction with his or her employees, in time they will acquire a similar knowledge base or skill set. As the employees grow to equal the manager’s knowledge or skills, their respect for the superiority of his expertise diminishes. The result is either that the manager’s authority diminishes or that the manager intentionally chooses not to share his or her knowledge base or skill set with the employees. The former choice weakens the manager’s authority over time, while the latter weakens the organization’s effectiveness over time. Likeability, or any kind of personal attractiveness, also gives you power. If people like to be around you because you’re witty, friendly, famous or good looking, you’re also likely to be pretty persuasive. We all want to do favors for people we like, up to a limit anyway. Charisma has multiple meanings. A person with charisma has a special interpersonal appeal. Charisma can be viewed as a particularly strong form of likeability or attractiveness. That’s the kind of charisma that Princess Diana had. Charismatic leaders, on the other hand, communicate a vision that’s very appealing and they energize others to pursue it with them. If you want to be a charismatic leader, (a) you have to have an ambitious vision for the group you’re leading, (b) you have to be excited about it, (c) you have to be confident in the group’s ability to achieve that vision, and (d) you have to be able to communicate your vision, excitement, and confidence. That’s the kind of charisma that Winston Churchill had. Persuasive ability, which is clearly associated with the ability to influence others, is another personal source of power. Intellectual problem solving abilities (e.g., rational problem solving ability, creative problem solving ability, inductive reasoning ability) help people influence others. So do interpersonal persuasion skills. On the list of influence tactics, â€Å"reason† is generally considered the best way to influence others. It’s ranked above â€Å"reciprocity,† which draws on reward power (e.g., a bonus in exchange for exceptional performance), and â€Å"retribution† which uses threats and intimidation. To the extent that reason is a great way to influence others, possessing the ability to reason with others is a great power base. Credibility is an important personal base of power. We are more likely to be persuaded by and follow someone with high credibility than we are someone with low or no credibility. Credibility comes from integrity, character, competence, and the ability to lead. Integrity means being open and sharing information that people need and have a right to know. Hidden agendas undermine integrity. So does the unwillingness to provide truthful, well-intentioned, constructive criticism. Honesty also has to be tempered with discretion. Managers need to show discretion and not say negative things about people as gossip or with the intent to hurt, even if those negative things are true. Remember the lesson from the movie, Jerry Maguire, â€Å"brutal truth† can be a bad thing. Character is the strength to do what needs to be done in difficult times. A basketball team has character if it tends to play well at the end of close games. A businessperson demonstrates character by acting in a moral and ethical way despite pressures or self-interests that push them to do otherwise. Competence is one’s knowledge and skills that pertain to a given situation. When someone tries to reason with you and gain your support for a certain course of action, their competence in that area affects their persuasiveness. If they don’t know what they’re talking about, you’re not going to be influenced. Competence contributes to credibility, and credibility allows one person to influence another. Finally, the ability to lead contributes to managers’ credibility. Would you enthusiastically follow a leader who is unable to inspire others, manage conflict, delegate tasks or coordinate activities? No matter how much you respect a leader for her task-related knowledge, integrity and character, you’ll have reservations about working hard for her if she doesn’t demonstrate the ability to lead. In Summary †¦ Managers must have power, and they would do well to develop more than just the ability to reward and punish others. Having resources and information that can be exchanged for cooperation is also helpful. Having personal qualities that inspire confidence and a willingness to follow might be even more useful. Nevertheless, all are sources of power. References: Victor, D. (n.d.). Leadership Styles and Bases of Power. Retrieved February 25,2013, from: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Int-Loc/Leadership-Styles-and-Bases-of-Power.html#ixzz2Lt2Q7QbI Abudi, G. (2011). The 5 Types of Power in Leadership. Retrieved February,from: http://quickbase.intuit.com/blog/2011/08/26/the-5-types-of-power-in-leadership/ Wiliams, S. (2004). Building Your Power Bases. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from: http://www.wright.edu/~scott.williams/LeaderLetter/power.htm