Crook’s is the only black character in the novel discuss his significance Essay

The author John Steinbeck is an artistic Writer. His greatest achievement of being an author was the compelling story Of Mice And Men. This is an immense story based on two American ranch workers dream to own a house in the 1930’s. The novel was set in Soledad in southern California. In several of his fiction works, including Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck illustrates how grueling, challenging, and often unrewarding the life of migrant farmers could be. Just as George and Lennie dream of a better life on their own farm, the Great Plains farmers dreamed of finding a better life in California. Steinbeck himself was born there in 1902, and went on to experience the Great Depression in the heart of the land that so many left their homes to find. This time in America’s history was marked by bread lines, soup kitchens, unemployment, and the daily hope for a low paying job that would last longer than a few days. Historically, this was a dream of many people in California during the Great Depression, most of whom never saw it come to pass. The story shows the harsh and cruel circumstances of the many who were so poor but balances the desperation with the hope and desire for triumph. The novel is about two inerrant workers, called Lennie and George. They work on a ranch with other workers. The main theme in this novel is â€Å"The Dream† Historically, this was what many people in California strived to achieve during these hard times; to one a piece of land, most of whom never saw it come to pass. The story shows the harsh and cruel circumstances of the many that were so poor but balances the desperation with the hope and desire for triumph. Discrimination can take many forms, from racial to physical to gender, Crooks is set apart because he is the only black man on the ranch moreover, he has a physical disability. In this novel Crooks possesses the majority of loneliness and injustice. Steinbeck’s perception of Crooks in the novel is very accurate during this period, he uses Crook’s to symbolise the marginalisation of the black community occurring at the time in which the novel is set additionally Crooks brings into perspective the loneliness experienced by all the characters. Steinbeck’s relates his knowledge to the novel and most substantially Crooks. Crook’s is the only black character on the ranch and is first established in Chapter 2. He is segregated from the rest of the men on the ranch. He has his own room in the barn, â€Å"†¦A little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn†. We can see how isolated he is in this room because he needs to surround himself with his own personal possessions; â€Å"For being alone, Crooks could leave his things about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is referred to as a â€Å"Nigger† by almost everybody on the ranch, â€Å"She turned on him in scorn. ‘Listen nigger’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Steinbeck’s use of language, such as the term â€Å"Nigger† started out as a dismissive term used by whites to describe blacks, and it didn’t even necessarily have racist connotations. But when the 19th century started ‘nigger’ was a term used by white people to express their anger and furthermore degrade blacks. Steinbeck used Curley’s Wife In this quote to indicate her own personal opinion on what she perceives Crooks to be, internally what white people on a whole thought blacks were. Not only did he use this quote to express her anger towards Crooks but also he used this quote to show how Crooks had a lack of importance. He was not recognized or called by his name, Crooks. He was not awarded dignity because he was looked upon as being inferior. Everyone on the ranch was called by his or her name except Crooks, which made him irrelevant to people on the ranch. The message conveyed by Steinbeck is therefore that Crooks was racially and socially differentiated from white people by this racial term â€Å"Nigger†. On the other hand The Old Swamper thinks positively about Crooks when he first tells George about him. â€Å"Yeah nice fella†¦Ya see the stable bunk is a nigger† Even though The Old Swamper referrers to Crooks as a nigger, which was properly because it was recognizably used to refer to him as, he looks behind their racial difference, and judges Crooks on his personality. The beginning of Chapter 4 is the setting for Crooks room where he lives in alone. He owns many possessions strangely more than other workers. â€Å"Crooks possessed several pairs of shoes, a pair of rubber boots, a big alarm clock†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His room reflects his character â€Å"†¦was swept and fairly neat, for Crooks was a proud, aloof man† This quote not only suggests that Crooks keeps his room clean but that he is a well-kept man. He is mostly in his room and wants his room to reflect himself as a person, who takes pride in his room. He also has â€Å"†¦A tattered dictionary†¦copy of the California civil code†¦a few dirty books† He has educational possessions in his room, which shows he is well educated and takes an interest in reading. He obviously knows his rights as a black man, because he reads the California civil code so knows what he is entitled to do. Crooks puts all of these things on a â€Å"special shelf† to show that they a re important to him. The condition of his skin suggest that he is aged â€Å"deep black wrinkles† There’s a contrast between his youthful eyes with the rest of his face. Having his own room meant he was detached from the ranch workers, which suggest he experiences racial segregation due to being black. This discrimination against black people in the 1930s was enforced by Steinbeck into Crooks to give an insight on prejudice. When Lennie enters Crook’s room out of curiosity, Crooks asserts his human rights stating, â€Å"This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me† This form of retaliation against Lennie is down to Crooks being isolated all the time. Crooks is clearly stating his right to privacy, it is safer for him to remain isolated. It is strange for him that Lennie is communicating with him; not being used to it, so when Lennie does enter his room, Crooks manages to hold his delight by pretending to be annoyed. â€Å"It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger.† He feels the need to protect his room because of his â€Å"protective dignity of a Negro† This quote reflects on all black people of this time, who were made to protect themselves because they lacked the social skills they needed to be able to communicate with others without feeling the need to protect themselves. He tries to hide is pleasure through irritation, but he realize s that he wants Lennie’s company. Not only because he is lonesome but because he knows Lennie is naive and lacks knowledge of life in general. The mode during Lennie’s visit to see Crooks was a very unwanted mode at first. Once Crooks realized Lennie wasn’t looking for any dissatisfaction, Crooks eased up a little. One quote which observes â€Å"†¦Lennie’s disarming smile defeated him. ‘Come in for a while†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He lets his defensive barrier down to Lennie â€Å"His tone was a little more friendly† Crooks can’t help but respond to Lennie; conversation is what he craves for. Crooks has got a indulgant heart, he just chooses to hide it through anger and displeasure considering that’s the only way he knows how to express his feelings. He would not naturally be distant towards people if he were not racially segregated from others. We therefore see that being around someone for once has brought out his true personality. Crook’s is envious of Lennie’s relationship with George. George takes care of Lennie and they have a companionship. Deep within him he wants the warmth of togetherness in his life, relising lennie has this creates a burning streak of jealousy inside him. He uses Lennie’s lack of knowledge to his advantage by taunting Lennie about George leaving him. â€Å"‘S’ pose George don’t come back no more† His misery and envy brings out his cruelty. He is trying to inflict his personal pain of being a lonely black man onto Lennie. Crooks then reveals his own need â€Å"Maybe you can see now. You got George†¦ ‘S’ pose you didn’t have nobody†¦I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick.† This illustrates that Crooks pities his own circumstances and vulnerability. â€Å"I didn’t mean to scare you† shows that Crooks did not deliberately picked on Lennie he just wanted him to know how it felt to be alone all the time. He expresses this through his bitterness. He realizes himself that bullying Lennie will not change his belonging in society he will still remain unimportant. Crooks’ loneliness is part of Steinbeck’s microcosm of the world. Multiply Crooks a million times, and Steinbeck is pointing out the barriers and artificial obstacles people and society build against each other. Whenever the American Dream is mentioned he dismisses it â€Å"Nobody never gets to heaven and nobody gets no land.† He lacks the optimism and hopes that George and Lennie share. This brings us to believe that Crooks has absolutely no hope in achieving this dream. He has lost faith in the dream; maybe being a black man has caused him to think there could be no realisation of him being happy in his life. He links going to heaven and owning your own land, suggesting going to heaven is equal to owning a land. This sparks reality that during this period of the great depression it was rare that people working on ranches could ever own a land. Lennie and George have determination and hope that one day they will own a land, even though deep down George knows it’s unrealistic. Crooks seems like he has given up a long time ago on the dream, mostly because his concealment from everyone else has infused this judgement into his mind. When Curly’s wife enters Crook’s room all the men dislike her presence, she knows full well that Curlys not in Crook’s room but just like Crook’s she is eager for attention. â€Å"Any you boys seen Curly† This is what makes Crook’s and Curlys wife so similar. Their life is full of shattered dreams, discrimination and loneliness. Crook’s tries to stand up to Curlys wife, but being a white woman means she has a controlled power of Crook’s being black. She belittles him saying â€Å"†¦you keep in your place then, Nigger I could get you strung up† He reverts back to the majestic, stubborn man he was in the beginning. She dehumanises him straight away. â€Å"Crook’s had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Crooks built up this ego and bravery to stand up to Curlys wife when he was for the first time given attention socially by Lennie and Candy entering his room. It may have be en a lot for him to take in, after being made to feel like he is not welcome because of his colour all the time. So when Curlys Wife insults them, this new ego and bravery gives crooks the idea that he can assert his rights to Curlys Wife. She soon puts him in his place, making him realise the substantial difference between them, racial wise. She knows how to use the unfairness of life to her advantage, which becomes disturbingly clear when she dangles the threat of crying rape in front of Crooks. She knows that as a black man he would be lynched if she told the others that he’d even tried to rape her, and she wields this power to her advantage. Ultimately, though, she is revealed as frightened of her husband as she sneaks off to her house. Curley’s wife has been trapped by life and however brazen and manipulative she may be, she is ultimately one of the comparatively powerless figures in the novel. She is therefore, perhaps, an object of the reader’s sympathy. The characters in the book begin to merge, by this happening we soon start to realize they are quite similar. â€Å"Crooks laughed again. ‘A guy can talk to you and be sure you won’t go blabbin†¦ George can tell you screwy things, and it don’t matter. It’s just the talking. It’s just bein’ with another guy.'† Crook’s thoughts in this quote reflect the ideas of all the outcasts in the novel. Just like George, Candy, and Curley’s Wife, Crooks longs for human companionship; he simply wants another person to acknowledge his existence. Likewise, George thinks that he and Lennie are different from all the other lonely migrant workers because they have each other. George’s actions mirror Crook’s words, George knows that Lennie isn’t listening to him most of the time, but he like Crooks simply wants someone to hear him. Similarly, Candy is willing to invest his life’s savings in strangers’ dreams so that he can spend the last years of his life with others. His one companion, his dog, is now gone. Finally, Curley’s wife is willing to risk the fury of her abusive husband just for human conversation. Her behavior with Lennie is exactly like Crook’s conversation with Lennie; she does not care that Lennie doesn’t understand her. In Chapter Four, the contrast between Crooks, Curly’s Wife, Candy and Lennie becomes marked. Firstly the three mentally or physically impaired â€Å"outcasts† of the farm – discuss their dream of living â€Å"of the fat of the land† one can sense a strong whiff of socialism. For a moment, they imagine a life of freedom from prejudice and racism, in which each man works for â€Å"just his keep† regardless of color or disability. Steinbeck cleverly brings the outcast into contact at the end of the chapter which subverts the idea of crooks being the only character who suffers from loneliness and shattered dreams. Crook’s race is the reason for his isolation, just as Candy’s age and handicap isolate him, and Curley’s wife’s gender forces her into a solitary life. Because of his race, he must live outside of human contact, he no longer trusts that dreams can come true. Steinbeck devotes all of Chapter 4 to Crooks to illustrate how completely isolated the stable hand truly is because of his race. All characters enter Crook’s room, on top of the social hierarchy, however they slowly start to correspond to Crooks. Lennie and Candy wanting to grab that much loved American dream, while Curly’s Wife is in need of company. Steinbeck uses Crooks to reveal the hidden desires of the other characters, Steinbeck show that although Crooks is considered the outcast of the book, he in no doubt brings them all as one; equal as the strive to achieve the same hopeless goal. Subsequently, Chapter 4 opens with Crook’s being a â€Å"proud and aloof man† to having racial superior over Lennie to finally having nothing. His dream of living with the other men is shattered by Curlys Wife putting him in his place. I think Steinbeck feels compassion for Crook’s being the only black character on the ranch. Even though he is bitter and cruel Steinbeck is aware he has been racially picked on which caused his behaviour. Even though Crooks is not made relevant throughout the book he holds a special significance in the book. He is a victim of an individual type of loneliness. Crook’s does not ask to be isolated from everyone. He was unfortunately caught up in the racial war. Therefore Crook’s is a vital character in Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck not only illustrates him as a representation of division of colour in this time period but also shows that through Crooks other outcasts in the book have been discovered to want and need the same things that people just like Crooks deserve. He has had a cruel life and been very badly treated, which had caused him to become so bitter. Steinbeck made him into this character to show how people like crooks must have felt in this period of racism. Being treated different from everyone else and not having the same rights as fellow human beings, this would have made them really frustrated. Steinbeck gave an insight on injustice by inventing Crooks. Which overall made him so significant.

Evaluate a Significant Experience, Achievement, Risk You Have Taken, or Ethical Dilemma You Have Faced and Its Impact on You.

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Intro to MacroEcon - College level - 13 questions total - some one-paragraph answers and some graphs - Essay Example Also the employment rate does not appear to have crossed the NAIRU level as the November CPI indicated an increase of only 0.1%. B) As employment increases there are more wage earners. An increase in the amount of people with money to buy goods and services increases aggregate demand and pushes up prices. The US is currently in recovery as the GDP is and has been positive while the economy is beginning to create jobs in sufficient quantity to begin decreasing the unemployment rate. C) 2) A) [(108,000-100,000)/100,000]*(160/168)=7.62% per year B) The CPI is more appropriate in this case because it is calculated using changes in the prices of products used by consumers. The GDP Deflator is calculated using the inflation rate for the entire economy. The CPI will therefore give a more accurate comparison of Jean’s purchasing power as a consumer. 3)A) The starting nominal return on the bonds can be calculated by adding the nominal market inflation expectation and the real yield req uired. The starting nominal rate is therefore 3%. If inflation expectations increase to 3.5% it causes bond demand to decrease and bond supply to increase. This lowers the price of bonds and therefore pushes interest rates up. The nominal rate would then be 4.5%. An increase in the expected real rate of return to 1.5% would lower demand for bonds and shift the demand curve. This shift increases interest rates to a nominal return of 5%. B) 4) A) Year Real GDP Growth rate of RGDP in % Unemployment Rate % Change in U rate in % CPI Indices Inflation rate in % 2004 12,263.8 - 5.5 - 188.9 - 2005 12,638.4 3.05% 5.1 -7.27% 195.3 3.39% 2006 12,976.2 2.67% 4.6 -9.80% 201.6 3.23% 2007 13,228.9 1.95% 4.6 0.00% 207.342 2.85% 2008 13,228.8 0.00% 5.8 26.09% 215.303 3.84% 2009 12,880.6 -2.63% 9.3 60.34% 214.537 -0.36% b) Historically as RGDP has been above 2% there has been growth in employment. When RGDP growth fell below 2% unemployment began to rise. As unemployment rose inflation decreased even reaching a short period of deflation. The leading indicator is RGDP followed by unemployment finally followed by the CPI. There has been growth in RGDP. This growth has lead to moderate decreases in the unemployment rate. The lagging nature of the CPI is confirmed by current data growing as RGDP and employment both increase. If RGDP continues to grow then the unemployment rate will continue to decrease and the CPI will continue to increase. If for some reason RGDP growth should slow or turn negative then unemployment will increase and CPI will decrease. 5) P1=$145 P2=$40 P3=$90 The higher the price of oil the more expensive inputs that require any type of energy become. Thus the higher the price of oil the less firms can supply at any given price level. This effect aggregates into the overall economy decreasing output while increasing price level. The decrease in the price of oil caused output to increase and the price level to fall. As oil prices increase again they will act as a headwind to the economic recovery, pushing output lower and price up for oil dependant resources. A decline in the price of oil may not have a positive effect upon equity markets because it will not have an effect upon the amount of products that consumers are demanding. Although inputs may fall, the demand curve is not shifted. 6) Infrastructure projects would have more simulative effect than tax rebates because of a larger

Substitution Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substitution Industrialization - Essay Example Even though ISI led to the industrialization of Brazil where agriculture products dominated the economy, it has some bad effects also like increasing rates of inflation and debts. ISI did not resolve the balance of payments problems. On the other hand ISI marked the golden period of Brazilian economy from the years early 1950's and early 1960's. Promotion of other sectors also resulted from ISI such as steel, petrochemicals, fuels, automobiles, transport infrastructure and electricity. Portuguese were the first people to come to Brazil and discover its potential resources. The first attraction for them was the Brazil wood. This wood was exported by them to the European countries. However, the real breakthrough was the sugar cane production. Sugar was in high demand in Europe and an opportunity for the people to make huge profits out of its export. African slaves were used for the production of sugar. But unfortunately after a period of time sugar supply became far more than the demand due to excessive production in the Caribbean and hence prices declined significantly. In the nineteenth century, another important development in the Brazilian economy was the escalation of coffee exports. By the year 1929 coffee contributed to around 73% of the total exports. Tremendous growth of coffee exports led to the development of transport infrastructure like railways and ports. As the movements for the abolition of slavery gained momentum, the only other alternative for the employers was the free wage labour in form of immigrants from the extremely poor rural lands of European countries like Italy, Portugal and Spain. Millions of people immigrated to Brazil from Europe. Only few of them worked on plantations due to miserable conditions and others opted to move to the cities and set up their own workshops. On the other hand there was an overproduction of coffee in the country without many takers. Decline of coffee exports and the labour immigration from Europe formed the basis for the origin of industrialization. As a consequence of the Great Depression and t he Second World War there was an enormous fall off in the exports of coffee. Availability of the goods imported to Brazil also declined. As a result most of the products were needed to be produced in the country itself that led to forced import substitution industrialization. Financial crisis in the country led to the rise of populism on the political front. The newly elected president Getulio Vargas was backed by military. Landowners lost their monopoly and a centralized system was setup. The president being conscious about the present and future prospects of the coffee export trade concentrated the resources on the industrial development of the country. New policies and changes in support of the industries were formulated. Initial steps like providing the basic inputs, cultivation of energy sources and so on were taken by the administration. The period after the Second World War saw Brazil heading towards a growing and sound industrial foundation, the main sectors being food, textile, leather and wood. After the end of Vargas's reign, the new president Dutra opted for the free trade policy and the market opened to the US imports. Major part of the foreign exchange was lost in the import of luxury consumer

Life Is a Journey Speech Essay Example for Free

Life Is a Journey Speech Essay Sometime you can just feel a person’s spirit around you. In many ways, we can see that the death of something does often leave some kind of impact, and as a result of this impact something about us inevitably changes. I’m sure we’ve all had to deal with a close relative or a friend passing away, and it’s not the easiest thing, but there’s so much to learn from it. I’ve never really had a reason to until my good friend Dominique passed away earlier last year. Its nuts that one-day we’re all sitting together sharing a few laughs, and the next day a member of our group is no longer with us. Dominique was one of the smartest and most compassionate people I knew. He’d always make sure others were comfortable and never put himself before others. And that’s part of the reason why his death affected me so much; it’s saddening to know that a person that has done so much good can pass away at such a young age. Granted it is saddening, we can only learn from the good he has accomplished. It was hard seeing someone go that moved through life with you like water (simile). But I learned a lot from it. About embracing moments. About taking chances. About never giving up. About gratitude. About me (alliteration). Life is a journey (metaphor). And I never really understood what that meant until Dominique passed. As an active member of his community and a student at University of Maryland, Dominique always had something to offer to others. He always counted his blessings and paid it forward. Which continually blew my mind; why is someone so young worried about giving back to others when he has so much life left to live? Especially after Dominique’s death, I’ve realized that we can go so unexpectedly. When most people hear this, they think of all of the things that they have not done yet, the places they want to go, the crazy stories they want to tell, but because of my friend Dominique, I am able to see there are far more important things to live your life by; like establishing good character, and having the ability to be selfless. I’m not saying this is easy, but it is something I believe everyone should strive for in life. We all go through struggles on a daily basis but should we give up or continue to bite our teeth and fight on. Every setback happens for a reason, and this is the best time to learn from our mistakes, correct them, and hopefully not make the same mistakes in the future. Learn something new and strengthen yourself. My favorite quality of Dominique’s was that he never expected, demanded, or assumed anything. He always gave people the benefit of the doubt, did his best, and controlled the elements that he could control. We’ve all heard the quote; â€Å"Things that don’t kill you will only make you stronger.† After every setback, bounce back and become stronger. He always fought like the courageous man he was (simile). We often don’t realize that our attitude determines our unhappiness or misery. He always taught me to become determined to stay positive. Circumstances will direct you, correct you, and perfect you over time; so whatever you do, hold on to hope. The last thing Dominique really opened my eyes to was that he was never afraid to get out of his comfort zone. He was never shy and always put himself out there. Sometimes, when you are too comfortable in your journey to success, you will not improve, and tend to become okay with where you stand. Dominique was a great example of someone who kept moving forward and wasn’t afraid of what he may run into. We’ve all taken the first step of getting out our comfort zone by signing up for SP CM 212. But we must keep in mind that it’s a work in progress and that nothing comes easy. Dom always tried to persuade me into doing something I wouldn’t normally do and to give everything a chance. Thanks to him we were able to share a few memories by going on multiple trips together. By following the same old routine we begin to bore those around us and even ourselves. I guess I never really understood why it was such a big deal that every minute lost was never coming back to us. Your minutes are the only thing on this earth that there’s a limited amount of. We tend to take death pretty hard and question why they had to go at such a young age. But maybe we’re doing it all wrong and should be remembering the great things that person accomplished and what they left us with. If you’re looking for a happy ending and can’t seem to find one, maybe it’s time to remember the great things. When I look back at my life I can see how perfect all has been for me to be right where I am today. And I’m sure that goes to for many of us here. Life is a mystery unfolding every moment! (metaphor). Some of the strongest people out there are the ones who laugh the hardest with a genuine smile and have gone through the hardest of hardships.

Comparing Oxygen Levels to Heart Rate Recovery and Peak Time

Comparing Oxygen Levels to Heart Rate Recovery and Peak Time Research Question How do different concentrations of oxygen provided to the respiratory system affect the heart rate and thus a subjects  athletic capabilities? Introduction Firstly, it is important to investigate how the bodys respiratory system functions. The lungs have two primary functions, releasing carbon dioxide from the body and integrating oxygen into the bloodstream 3. The lungs never reach peak capacity and are not responsible for the limitation in oxygen delivered to the muscles 1. This is important because, in the case of this experiment the limitations may be reached. There is always approximately the same amount of oxygen in the air in relation to everything else: 21%. However  as altitude increases there is less air pressure and thus less oxygen available to the lungs per diaphragm contraction cycle. Instead of changing the barometric pressure, there will simply be less or more oxygen in the air, in this experiment. This may cause an abnormal result as the body responds differently to drastically altered conditions. When the oxygen content of the air is drastically reduced, the blood will most likely be significantly less saturated and when the oxygen content of the air is drastically increased the blood should be more saturated with oxygen 2. It is then necessary to investigate how this might affect the cardiac system. The amount of oxygen that is available to the cells while they are producing ATP  to drive the body is important, because if there is not enough oxygen available for aerobic respiration, than  anaerobic respiration will take place. Anaerobic respiration will produce lactate and carbon dioxide. The lactate (lactic acid), triggers a response from the sympathetic nervous system1, 2. The noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system produces norepinephrine. The SA node (sinoatrial node), stimulated by the norepinephrine hormone increases both the rate that the heart beats and the degree to which the heart completes a systolic contraction 1,2. In addition to the sympathetic nervous system, the medulla senses the increase of carbon dioxide in the blood due to anaerobic respiration. The medulla then sends an electrical signal through the cardiac nerve to the SA node2. A live O2 machine will be used in order to carry out this experiment. It produces and stores 15% oxygen and 95% oxygen separately. These will be the two concentrations of oxygen that will be used to compare the times it takes for heart rates to peak and then recover. The independant  variable is the concentration of Oxygen. The dependant  variable is the time it takes for the subject to peak and the time it takes for the subject to recover. The experiment will be controlled by regulating the speed at which the treadmill is set to. Since the point of this experiment is to compare differences  the difference in the individuals athletic ability should not make a difference in the data. Materials Live O2 Machine Oxygen mask Treadmill Heart rate/oxygen saturation monitor Clorox and paper towels Timer Experimental Overview The Live O2 machine which will be used to create, store and deliver the two different concentrations of oxygen is comprised of an oxygen machine, storage bag with two compartments, a delivery system with a mask and a switch to change which concentration of oxygen is being delivered. The picture above, depicting the live  O2 system is the one that was used, except a treadmill was used  instead of a stationary bike as is depicted. The test subjects heart rate peak times and recovery times were first tested with the increased level of oxygen, they were then given a period of rest while another subject ran on the treadmill. Then, after the period of rest the subject would run on the treadmill again and their peak and recovery times would be measured with the restricted levels of oxygen. The threshold for the heart rate peaking was 140 bpm. The threshold for recovered was when the heart rate of the subject was within 10 of their original resting heart rate. For example, if the test subjects resting heart rate was 65 bpm, they would be considered recovered when their heart rate dropped back below 75. Procedure Step 1 First 8  willing people were found, who were athletically fit enough that there would not be any damage to their body through the testing. Then the 8  people were instructed not to drink any sort of caffeine or any other stimulant before the experiment. The mask of the live  O2 machine was cleaned with clorox  and the oxygen machine was turned on to fill up the two individual bags. Step 2 Then the resting heart rate of the subject was taken with the heart rate monitor. Ten was added to the resting number to determine the threshold that the heart rate must reach during recovery to determine whether or not the subject has recovered. The heart rate monitor was left on the subjects  finger to monitor their heart rate, Then  the oxygen was set to the 95% setting and the treadmill was set to 5 miles per hour. Then, once the subject was at 5 miles per hour the timer was started and the subject was instructed  to hold the mask to their face. The timer was stopped once the subjects heart rate reached 140 bpm. Then the treadmill was stopped and the subject was instructed to keep the mask on. Then the time it took for their heart rate to return to the predetermined resting rate was measured. Step 3 The first subject was then given rest while subject 2 performed step 2. Once subject 2 was done with step 2, subject 1 repeated step 2 with 15% oxygen instead of 95% oxygen followed again by subject 2. The mask was cleaned with clorox  between each subject. Step 4 Steps 1-3 were repeated with the remained of the test subjects and the data was recorded in a table within the lab book. Safety considerations Since this lab works with the human body and measuring its responses to what could be considered  strenuous situations, there must be precautions taken. Firstly, all of the subjects that were tested, were either in good or exceptional physical condition and had no preexisting health complications that would endanger them during the experiment. To further ensure that there was no physical harm done to the subjects, the subjects saturation was constantly monitored with the heart rate/oxygen saturation monitor. If at any point during the 15% oxygen test the saturation dipped too low (below 85% saturation) and remained there for more than a couple seconds then the 95% oxygen would immediately been switched on and that round of testing would be terminated and the subject time to rest. The mask that was being used was also constantly cleaned with clorox  to prevent the spreading of germs. Analysis Qualitative variables The two main variables that may have affected the data were: the heart rate monitor and the oxygen mask. The fact that the subject had to hold the monitor on their finger and the mask while running made the heart rate monitor slightly inaccurate and sometimes would simply not take readings. It only worked when the subject was holding onto it and this disrupted their normal running patterns. Some subjects also had trouble holding the mask to their face with enough force to hold a seal while running. This may have let some of the natural air into the mask. Holding the mask also inhibited the subjects natural running pattern. The fact that the subjects natural running pattern was inhibited made it harder for them to keep a normal running pace even with the treadmill set at a constant 5 miles per hour. Having to control all of these things at once may have also added to the strain on the subjects body, which could have affected the results. Then finally, there is also the fact that every one that was being tested was different in their biological makeup and therefore will respond slightly differently to the two concentrations of oxygen. Data Complete Peak and Recovery times (in seconds) run: 95% Oxygen Peak times (s) 95% Oxygen Recovery time (s) 15% Oxygen Peak times (s) 15% Oxygen Recovery time (s) 1 187 45 62 185 2 180 56 52 102 3 200 64 40 188 4 181 69 39 73 5 153 71 36 123 6 108 52 60 201 7 181 21 56 133 8 144 61 27 177 This table displays each run and the times in seconds associated with it. The runs where the higher concentration of oxygen (95%) was used are displayed first, on the left. The runs where the lower concentration of oxygen (15%) was used are displayed second, on the right. The peak times (the time it takes for the subjects heart rate to reach 140 bpm from resting) are displayed in the 2nd and 4th column and the recovery times (the time it takes for a subjects heart rate to go from 140 bpm back to within 10 of resting) are displayed in the 3rd and 5th column. This bar graph displays the average recovery times and peak times for the two different levels of oxygen concentration. The recovery times are listed at the top and the peak times are listed at the bottom. Average Difference in Peak and Recovery time in seconds Peak time (s) Recovery time (s) Difference 120.25 92.875 This table displays the difference between the average peak time of the 95% and 15% oxygen concentration. As well as the difference between the average recovery time of the 95% oxygen and the 15% oxygen concentrations. Evaluation Conclusion of results There is a clear difference between the times for the two different concentration of oxygen. When the subject was administered 95% oxygen their peak times took an average of 166.75 seconds, while when the average peak time when only 15% oxygen concentration was administered was 46.5 seconds. This is a difference of 120.25 seconds, so clearly when a subject is administered more oxygen it provides more oxygen for the system, this allows the body to stay out of anaerobic respiration longer and thus allows the heart to beat slower for a greater amount of time. The difference seen in recovery times was also significant. On average, with the higher 95% oxygen concentration the subjects recovered around 54.875 seconds. However when the subjects were administered the lower concentration of oxygen the recovery times took much longer, averaging out at 147.75 seconds. The difference was 92.875 seconds. This occurred because when the body was already deprived of oxygen and the saturation was low there was a large amount of carbon dioxide and lactic acid build up from anaerobic respiration. Then, after the subject stopped running, the low oxygen concentration most likely caused the subjects to stay in anaerobic respiration as the body tried to oxygenate the tissue. With the higher concentration of oxygen, the subjects body was able to quickly oxygenate the tissue and return the body to complete or near complete aerobic respiration. This would have stopped the build up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide and allowed the body to flush the two out of it s system. Once the lactic acid and carbon dioxide has either been absorbed or in the case of carbon dioxide, exited the lungs, the heart rate would return to resting. Therefore, the results matched what should have happened according to previous scientific research, outlined in the introduction. How the lab could be improved and extended The first thing that would be helpful would be to use a more accurate heart rate monitor. Most likely the best solution would be a heart rate monitor that could be taped to the finger being used in unison with a chest heart rate monitor. Using both of these simultaneously would ensure the best and most consistent results. In addition it would remove the responsibility from the subject of holding onto the heart rate monitor. Another issues that could be easily solved is the oxygen mask. The straps that were provided with the mask fell off very easily during running. As a result   the subjects had to hold the mask to their face as they ran. This hindered their ability to run smoothly and did not guarantee a complete seal around the face. Next time a full head cap could be used to ensure that a seal was maintained and would allow the subject to run normally. To further extend this experiment saturation rates could also be compared to heart rate and oxygen concentration. When the subjects were performing the test their saturation rates were monitored for safety reasons but not recorded. If the saturation rates could be recorded throughout the test at specific points along with the heart rate it would be interesting to look into how the saturation rates are correlated with the heart when very low and very high concentrations of oxygen are being administered to the subject. Works Cited Burton, Deborah Anne, FRCA, Keith Stokes, BSc PhD, and George M. Hall, MBBS PhD DSc FRCA. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education in Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain. Oxford Journals, n.d. Web. 10 May 2016. Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. How Your Lungs Work. How Your Lungs Work. Cleveland Clinic, 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 13 May 2016. Appendix Release forms: I, Jonas Kaare-Rasmussen understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing, could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Jonas Kaare-Rasmussen I, Jack Larsen understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Jack Larsen I, Danielle Zimber understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Danielle Zimber I, Hailey Zimber understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health complications. Electronically signed by: Hailey Zimber I, Alex Kellam understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Alex Kellam I, Taso Warsa understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Taso Warsa I, Ben Voter understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Ben Voter I, Alex Alsop understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Alex Alsop

Overview of Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (OHS)

Overview of Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (OHS) Dr Pradeep Venkatesh Histoplasmosis Amol D Kulkarni and Suresh R Chandra Introduction Histoplasmosis is a systemic disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.1 Introduction Histoplasmosis is a systemic disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.1 It produces intracellular granulomatous inflammation of many organs including eyes, lungs, liver, spleen, etc. Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS) is characterized by a triad of signs –of punched-out atrophic choroidal scars in the macula or periphery, peripapillary atrophy and choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM).2 Etiology-Aetiology HistoplasmacapsulatumH. capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, is presumed to play a causative role in the development of OHS.1 There are few reports of pathologic and molecular evidence supporting a the direct role for of H. capsulatum in the development of chorioretinal scars, ; however, no serologic confirmation of histoplasmosis infection has been reported.3,4 A haematogenous dissemination of the fungus results in choroidal invasion and subsequent scarring. Additionally, disseminated histoplasmosis presents with intraretinal infiltrates composed of histoplasma yeast cells that are easily demonstrable on histology. Extensive study of the affected individuals in Europe and the United States has revealed the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15). 1: Please provide the full form of DR>.5 No full form; it indicates type of HLAThis HLA association suggests that immune reaction is likely to play a major role during the development of scarring and CNVM. H. capsulatum may induced local ized autoimmune reaction in the retina. However, an infection with this fungus is not an absolute requirement for the development of clinical OHS. Because of this lack of association, there has been a suggestion to rename this clinical syndrome as ‘multifocal choroidopathy’. Epidemiology OHS is most common in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys of the United States, which are endemic for H. capsulatum.6 Up to 70% of the population living in the endemic areas reacts positively to the histoplasmin skin testing and 1.5% exhibits the typical fundus findings. 7It can be a blinding disease in its more severe manifestations. There is no gender predilection, although some reports show a higher prevalence in women. Pathobiology OHS belongs to the spectrum of autoimmune diseases triggered by an infectious organism, with H. capsulatum being one of several candidate pathogens. It is characterized by a chronic reaction to the immunogenic residua of the H. capsulatum, which acts as a nidus for inflammation. Light microscopy reveals mixed inflammatory cells in the choroidal lesions with the loss of overlying retinal pigment epithelium. There are adhesions between the outer retina and choroidal lesions. The genesis of CNVM in OHS is thought to be caused by the disruption of Bruch’s membrane at the site of atrophic scar. Systemic Featuresfeatures Mycilia Mycelia of Histoplasmosishistoplasmoses are inhaled and they transform to the yeast form shortly and infect lungs. They can produce caseation and enlargement of hilar nodes, which produce typical shadows on X-ray. About 90% of cases are benign and do not produce symptoms. In dDisseminated2: Kindly >OK histoplasmosis are is characterized by pyrexia, vomiting and enlargement of liver, spleen, and lymph glands. The Involvement involvement of skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract and heart may also occur. Ocular Featuresfeatures The clinical findings in OHS include peripapillary atrophy, multiple punched punchedout white atrophic choroidal scars (histo spots), and a macular CNVM, accompanied by the complete absence of a cellular reaction in the anterior chamber or vitreous cavity [(Fig. 40.1(aA)].6 The histo spots are considered to be the earliest stage of the disease, and are usually asymptomatic [(Fig. 40.1 (Bb)]. CNVM will develop in fewer than 5% of individuals with histo spots. The Clinical clinical presentation of CNVM involves acute or insidious onset of painless progressive blurring of central vision and metamorphopsia. The Fundus fundus examination typically shows a yellow-green subretinal discolouration with accumulation of subretinal fluid. In advanced cases, there is subretinal fibrosis leading to disciform scar formation and that is associated with severe central visual loss. 9The exact time frame between the initial choroidal scarring and CNVAQ3: Please check if CNV stands for â€Å"choroidal neovascularization†and CNVM is choroidal neovascular membrane and should be replaced with CNVM>NO development is difficult to determine given that histo spots are asymptomatic. New histo spots may develop in more than 20% of individuals while they are under observation, ; however, only 3.8% progress to CNV. The precipitating factors promoting such progression are not known. Some studies implicate emotional stress and tension headaches as associated events. Diagnosis OHS is a clinical diagnosis and relies on the observation of characteristic fundus lesions in one or both eyes. Intravenous fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can assist in the evaluation of CNVM (Figs. 40.2 and 40.3). FA assists in identifying areas of CNVM and in planning photodynamic therapy. OCT is a useful tool for the detection and monitoring of treatment response. 10 Treatment The optimum treatment of subfoveal and juxtafoveal CNVM is the main focus in OHS. Histo spots are asymptomatic in most cases and require no treatment until a progression of the disease is detected.9-11 Corticosteroids Regimens of systemic corticosteroid therapy were widely used in early studies of ocular histoplasmosis. 12Few clinical studies have evaluated the role of subtenon’s and intraocular triamcinolone. The intravitreal steroids demonstrated favourable visual outcomes; however, they are associated with cataract formation or progression and increased intraocular pressure.13 Laser photocoagulation Laser Photocoagulation photocoagulation effectively inhibits the progression of OHS-related CNV. In randomized trials, the Macular Photocoagulation Study demonstrated that argon and krypton laser photocoagulation is effective in treating well-defined, classic extrafoveal, juxtafoveal, and peripapillary CNV lesions secondary to OHS.14, 15 Only 12% of treated individuals experienced significant disease progression, compared with 42% of the control patients. Surgical therapy The role of submacular surgery for the removal of CNV lesions was evaluated in a multicentere randomized clinical trial. 16The study data indicate that surgery may be beneficial to patients with visual acuity worse than 20/100, and subfoveal CNV. Photodynamic therapy Verteporfin in Ocular Histoplasmosis study enrolled 26 patients prospectively with subfoveal CNV and demonstrated an improvement of visual acuity from baseline as well as an absence of serious adverse events at in 2 years.17 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy Several intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments are currently being pursued for the treatment of OHS-related CNV. Few retrospective studies have evaluated the role of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for CNV associated with OHS. One such study by Ehrlich et al. found that at least 50% of eyes with subfoveal or juxtafoveal CNV experienced ≠¥>=3 three lines of vision gain and 91.5% to –100% of patients had improved or had stable visual acuity (at 3-– to 12-month follow-up) after the intravitreal bevacizumab therapy. 18Similarly, the results concerning the therapeutic efficacy of ranibizumab are promising. Both treat-and-extend and pro re nata treatment strategies were effective. A study by Nielsen et al. demonstrated that many eyes require long-term anti-VEGF therapy to suppress the choroidal neovascular activity in OHS.19 Suggested reading Smith RE, Ganley JP. An epidemiologic study of presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1971; 75:994–-1005. Gass JDM, Wilkinson CP. Follow-up study of presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972; 76:672–694. Hawkins BS, Alexander J, Schachat AP. Ocular histoplasmosis. In: Retina. Ryan, SJ, Schahchat, AP, editors. Retina. St. Louis, MO: , Mosby; 20014: Please check the author spelling>. Oliver A, Ciulla TA, Comer GM. New and classic insights into presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and its treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun;16(3):160–165. Prasad AG, Van Gelder RN. Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;16(6):364–368. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for ocular histoplasmosis: results of a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1983; 101:1347–1357. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Krypton laser photocoagulation for neovascular lesions of ocular histoplasmosis: results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1987; 105:1499–-1507. Rosenfeld PJ, Saperstein DA, Bressler NM, et al. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in ocular histoplasmosis: uncontrolled, open-label 2-year study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111:1725–1733. Nielsen JS, Fick TA, Saggau DD, Barnes CH. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Retina. 2012 Mar;32(3):468–472. Fig. ure 40.1 Fundus photographs of a patient with OHS showing peri-papillary atrophy and CNV with subretinal haemorrhage in the right eye (A) and macular histo spot in the left eye (B).Choroidal neovascularization Fig. ure 40.2 Early (A) and late (B) phase fluorescein photographs showing CNV with subretinal haemorrhage secondary to OHS. Fig. ure 40.3 OCT scan showing CNV with intraretinal fluid secondary to OHS.

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching

My Educational Philosophy To describe my educational philosophy, I needed to combine two philosophers into one making it my own. I plan to explain my philosophical view by discussing the purpose of public education in society. I felt that essentialism, popularized by William Bagley, and progressivism, led by John Dewey, best described my attitudes and views towards education. I feel the overall purpose of education is to teach students traditional academic subjects such as math, reading and writing, social studies, the sciences, music, art, computer science, health, and physical education. These classes are the foundation needed by students to survive in today’s society. However, I also believe that some students need activities that satisfy personal needs. Some stud...

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- Biographies Karl Marx Essays

Biography of Karl Marx Only in the course of the world’s history can a person born over a hundred years ago be as famous today as they were back then. Karl Marx is one person that fits this category. He paved the way for people of the same political background as his own. Marx’s ideas were unique and started uproar all over Europe. Marx helped write the Communist Manifesto one of the most important pieces of literature on Communism ever written. At one time people feared Communism as a power, which prompted Marx to write the Communist Manifesto and explain his ideas. How Communism should be used as type of government. He was seen as kind of an outlaw, having to move from country to country to avoid troubles with the local governments. Karl Marx truly had a different view of how government should be run. His view was that the government should run everything that way there would be no rich and no poor, everything would be equal. He believed that the only way to make peoples lives more bearable was too eliminate classes and give everyone a fair chance at life; this was his view of Communism. Marx believed this because he saw classes as an evil creation, and that the gap was just widening between the rich and the poor. Take away a materialistic ideals and no one will be better off than someone else everything will be equal. Karl Marx was born in Moselle, Germany on May 15, 1818 into a middle class home. On both sides of Marx’s family was a long line of Rabbis. But the only way for his father to keep his job as a lawyer in Trier, Germany was to be baptized as a Protestant. He had no choice but to go along with this so that he could still be one of the most respected lawyers in Trier. When Karl Marx was 17 he enrol... ...e poor and suffering. Revolutions started from what he preached, but he never had an easy life. That is part of the reason why he is such an important figure because he believed in his ideas so strongly that he would give his life for his cause. Although he meant well no one has ever thrived under such a government. But Marx is still is important in history for the way he thought and how he changed the way people thought. He influenced people but classes are still around today. Works Cited Coser, Lewis A. Marxist Thought in the first Quarter of the 20th Century University of New York. Page 2. Kries, Steven. The History Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History Karl Marx 1818-1883. Aug 7 2000 Copyright 2000. â€Å"Quotes from the Philosopher Karl Marx.† http://www.philosophy.about.com/homework/philosophy/library/blqmarx.htm Mar. 10 2002.

The Controversy of Abortion Essay example -- Abortion Pregnancy Medica

The Controversy of Abortion In three weeks, Jennifer will leave for college. She broke up with her boyfriend two weeks ago, and today she found out she was pregnant. Should Jennifer have an abortion, or stop all her plans and have a baby at eighteen? Either way the decision is hers to make. On January 22, 1973 the landmark decision of Roe vs. Wade occurring in the Supreme Court made abortion a "constitutional liberty" (Francome 20). Legally, Jennifer can receive an abortion. Socially, however, she will endure many more obstacles. Fighting for society's acceptance In today's American society, viewpoints on certain topics often conflict with what individuals believe is right. This is very evident in the argument for acceptance of abortions among college students. However, with the rise of the anti-abortion movement this procedure has become less accepted and harder to obtain. Should abortions among college students be more widely accepted in society? According to a Planned Parenthood study done in 1997, forty percent of seventeen year olds will become pregnant before their twenty-fifth birthday. This statistic is directly targeted at college age females. The answer is far from being strictly a black and white issue, but my own viewpoint is "yes" abortions should be accepted among society for many reasons. The controversial issue of abortion has many intertwining, surrounding complications. Such an issue is never concrete, "in America, about 20% of Americans thoroughly oppose abortions, 20% thoroughly favor abortions, while a vast majority are 'muddled in the middle'" (Pojman and Beckwith 59). As with any pregnancy there are impending risks involved and many extenuating circumstances that justify an abortion. In a perfect world, abortions are not the best way to prevent unwanted pregnancies, but there are many "bumps in the road," keeping the United States from being perfect. Defining Life? The main question facing society is the definition of a fetus' point of living. Pro-Lifers believe that, "a fertilized embryo is the foundation for a living human being" (National College Students for Life). In contrast, pro-choicers argue that a human being is something more concrete with it's own thought processes and consciousness. Petchesky argues, "the fetus is only a potential human being, and we confuse actual with potent... ...roblem with accepting abortion is the lack of facilities that perform abortions. Only thirteen percent of abortions are performed within hospitals (Landes 64). The rest are performed outside of hospitals in clinics. The Alan Guttmacher Institute surveyed and found only 2,680 abortion clinics in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of the clinics are only in metropolitan areas where ninety-eight percent of abortions are performed (Landes 64). Rural counties that contain colleges or universities do not have such accessibility to facilities that perform abortions. The AGI discovered that eighty-three percent of rural counties did not have clinics. Limited facilities that perform clinics poses a dilemma for college students that may not have transportation or time, to travel to metropolitan areas. However, if colleges installed on-campus abortion clinics with certified doctors and psychologists, for counseling purposes, this problem could be corrected. With on-campus abortion clinics, it would show the university to be more accepting and understanding of college students need for such medical facilities, and therefore, society as a whole may be more accepting.

Caring for Individuals with Additional Needs Essay

A brief introduction to the introductory pack including aims and objectives Include a definition of additional needs Explain why it is important for care practitioners to be aware of the different additional needs that people may have (150 words) P1 –Outline reasons why individuals may experience additional needs – Produce a newsletter What are additional needs – What is a physical disability and how does it have an impact on an individual to be classed as an additional need? What is a sensory disability? Give examples What is a cognitive disability? Give examples (200 words) Define and describe the different types of disabilities, signs and symptoms, cause of the additional need and why they have an additional need – e.g. Down’s syndrome; cystic fibrosis, autistic spectrum, people with mental health problems, asthma, multiple sclerosis, paraplegia ( 1000 words) For example Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) & (ADD) are conditions which result in problem behaviour and poor attention span. Children find it hard to control their behaviour. They might be impulsive, restless and inattentive. Children can have problems learning and socialising. The causes of ADHD are not clear. Possible causes are thought to be brain injury, chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic links, environmental factors and a possible link to diet. Some of these children present more challenging behaviour than others and may require support when socialising and in the learning context. This may result in one-to-one support in class. P2 – Describe models of disability –Booklet to include Define the differences between disability; impairment Explain the different models of disability – such as medical; social, charity and holistic or person centred model and give examples of that substantiate your understanding. Key questions to consider: Is it a positive or negative approach? Does it focus on the ability or disability of people with additional needs? Is there an aim to the model? Is the disabled person labelled as a victim? Give an example of the impact on service provision because of the model of disability P3- Explain the barriers which may be experienced by people with additional needs Define what a barrier could in reference to health and social care settings Identify the barriers that people with additional needs may face e.g. attitudinal barriers; discrimination, barriers to access and opportunities, cultural, stereotyping and discrimination, impact on self-esteem and the effects of this on a disabled person’s well-being and give examples of each barrier described P4 – Explain positive working practice with individuals with additional learning needs – written piece What is an additional learning need? Give examples of this with an explanation What support services can a client with additional learning needs access? What are the principles of positive working practice? E.g. explain empowering care and explain the importance of this when working with clients with additional learning needs What do you understand by person centred planning and why this is an example of positive working practice when working with clients with additional learning needs? What is safeguarding and how significant is this when working with people with additional learning needs? What is positive reinforcement and explain the relevance of this when promoting independence? What is ‘Guidance’ and how can this influence positive working practice / the conduct of carers? Why is it important for care workers to be registered with a regulatory body as positive working practice for people with additional learning needs? ( 2,000 words for p2, p3 and p4 ) Bibliography Boys D and Michie V (2008) BTEC National Health & Social Care Book 2: Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes (in your college library pages 196-237 has unit 26 Caring for people with additional needs – be aware the legislation may vary)

Historical Development of Nursing

Historical nurture of treat Time caper Create a 700- to 1,050-word epoch get report of the historical ontogenesis of breast feeding attainment, showtime with Florence Nightingale and continuing to the stick in. Format the timeline only you wish, but the word count and identification requirements essential be met. accept the succeeding(a) in your timeline Explain the historical preparement of treat lore by citing precise years, theories, theorists, and points in the hi falsehood of hold. Explain the kind human family amongst nursing science and the profession. Include the influences on nursing science of reinvigorated(prenominal) sketchs, such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, the brotherly sciences, and psychology. coiffe to discuss your timeline with your Learning Team or in class. Format each references coherent with APA guidelines. Copyright 2013 Penn nursing cognizance, University of Pennsylvania develop of Nursing http//www . nursing. upenn. edu/nhhc/Pages/Ameri pratNursingIntroduction. aspx http//www. nursing. penn. edu/nhhc/Welcome%20Page%20Content/American%20Nursing. pdf Nursing Theories. The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, 6th Edition Chapter 2 Nursing formation and Clinical Practice ISBN 9780135135839Author Julia B. GeorgeRN, PhD se remedy 2011Pearson Education lorence Nightingale believed that the force for better resides at bottom the human existence and that, if the surroundings is purloinly substituteive, human beness leave render to heal themselves. Her 13 canons indicate the aras of surroundings of concern to nursing.These ar ventilation and warming, strongness of ho commits (pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light), petty direction (today known as continuity of financial aid), noise, variety, fetching food, what food, bed and bedding, light, cleanliness of rooms and walls, person-to-person cleanliness, sound hopes and advices, and o bservation of the sick. Hildegard E. Peplau teleph unity ex inter switch overiseed on the brotherly relationship between the agree and the tolerant. The trio phases of this relationship atomic mo 18 orientation, working, and termination.The relationship is initiated by the patients felt wishing and termination occurs when the indigence is met. Both the cherish and the patient grow as a endpoint of their interaction. Virginia Henderson first defined nursing as doing for others what they miss the strength, will, or acquaintance to do for themselves and beca white plague set 14 comp superstarnts of keeping. These comp mavinnts impart a guide to identifying clay politics in which a person may lack the strength, will, or association to lose in the flesh(predicate) reads.They imply breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, touching, sleeping and resting, book binding and undressing appropriately, maintaining body temperature, passing clean and defend the s kin, avoiding dangers and injury to others, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning. Dorothea E. Orem identify triplet theories of egotism-c be, egotism-c ar deficit, and nursing formations. The qualification of the person to meet nonchalant requirements is known as egotism- interest, and carrying away those activities is self-cargon agency.P atomic number 18nts swear come to the fore as dependent c ar agents for their children. The talent to get out self-cargon is influenced by staple fibre learn factors including but not limited to age, gender, and developmental state. Self-c be needs be partially compulsive by the self-cargon requisites, which are categorized as universal (air, water, food, elimination, enjoyment and rest, solitude and complaisant interaction, hazard prevention, function indoors social groups), developmental, and health deviation (needs arising from injury or disorder and from efforts to treat the injury or unwellness).The t otal collects created by the self-care requisites are identify as cure self-care demand. When the therapeutic self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nursing is unavoidable. ground on the needs, the check designs nursing forms that are wholly compensatory (the nanny-goat forgets all crab for care), partly compensatory (the imbibe and the patient provide care together), or controlive-educative (the value provides needed support and education for the patient to come session self-care). Dorothy E.Johnson stated that nursings area of concern is the behavioral frame that consists of vii subsystems. The subsystems are attachment or affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The behaviors for severally of the subsystems occur as a result of the drive, set, choices, and final stage of the subsystem. The innovation of the behaviors is to reduce tensions and keep the behavioral system in balance . Ida blue jean Orlando draw a disciplined nursing ease. Her military operation is initiated by the patients behavior.This behavior engenders a reaction in the support, described as an unbidden perception, thought, or feeling. The nurse pieces the reaction with the patient, identifying it as the nurses perception, thought, or feeling, and seeking substantiation of the accuracy of the reaction. Once the nurse and the patient throw agreed on the quick need that led to the patients behavior and to the action to be taken by the nurse to meet that need, the nurse carries out a deliberative action. either action taken by the nurse for reasons other than meeting the patients warm need is an automatic action.Lydia E. manor hall believed that persons over the age of 16 who were outgoing the acute stage of malady required a incompatible focus for their care than during the acute stage. She described the circles of care, core, and cure. Activities in the care circle belong solely to nursing and involve bodily care and allay. Activities in the core circle are share with all members of the health care group and involve the person and therapeutic use of self. Hall believed the drive to recovery must come from within the person.Activities in the cure circle also are dual-lane with other members of the health care aggroup and may hold the patients family. The cure circle focuses on the infirmity and the aesculapian care. Faye G. Abdellah sought to commute the focus of care from the disease to the patient and hence proposed patient-centered approaches to care. She identified 21 nursing problems, or areas vital to the growth and functioning of humans that require support from nurses when persons are for well-nigh reason limited in carrying out the activities needed to provide such growth.These areas are hygiene and comfort, activity (including exercise, rest, and sleep), safety, body mechanics, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, wandering and elec trolyte balance, credit entry of physiological repartees to disease, regulatory mechanisms, sensory(prenominal) functions, emotions, inter relateness of emotions and illness, communication, inter in the flesh(predicate) relationships, ghostly goals, therapeutic environment, soulfulnessity, optimal goals, use of community alternatives, and use of goods and usefulnesss of society.Ernestine Wiedenbach proposed a prescriptive possible action that involves the nurses central purpose, prescription to touch that purpose, and the realities that influence the ability to fulfill the central purpose (the nurse, the patient, the goal, the means, and the framework or environment). Nursing involves the identification of the patients need for service of dish out, the ministration of help, and validation that the efforts make were and then helpful.Her principles of circumstances indicate the nurse should carriage for patient behaviors that are not undifferentiated with what is exp ected, should relate helping efforts in appall of go oning difficulties, and should recognize in the flesh(predicate) limitations and seek help from others as needed. Nursing actions may be reflex or spontaneous and found on sensations, conditi peerlessd or automatic and found on perceptions, impulsive and brutald on assumptions, or deliberate or responsible and base on realization, insight, design, and decision that involves discussion and joint planning with the patient.Joyce Travelbee was bear on with the interpersonal process between the master key fruit nurse and that nurses knob, whether an individual, family, or community. The functions of the nurseguest, or human-to-human, relationship are to prevent or cope with illness or suffering and to find meat in illness or suffering. This relationship requires a disciplined, intellectual approach, with the nurse employing a therapeutic use of self. The five phases of the human-to-human relationship are encounter, identi ties, empathy, sympathy, and rapport.Myra Estrin Levine described adaptation as the process by which saving is achieved, with the purpose of conservation organism integrity, or saving of the whole of the person. Adaptation is based on past get under ones skins of effective responses (historicity), the use of responses particular proposition to the demands universe make (specificity), and more than one take of response (redundancy). Adaptation seeks the trump fit between the person and the environment. The principles of conservation deal with conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity of the individual. Imogene M.King wassailed two a systems-based conceptual framework of personal, interpersonal, and social systems and a theory of goal attainment. The concepts of the theory of goal attainment are interaction, perception, communication, motion, self, parting, stress, growth and development, time, and personal space. The nurse and th e client usually meet as strangers. Each brings to this meeting perceptions and judgments more or less the maculation and the other severally acts and then reacts to the others action. The reactions lead to interaction, which, when effective, leads to transaction or movement toward recipro confabulatey agreed-on goals.She emphasizes that both(prenominal) the nurse and the patient bring serious acquaintance and training to this goal-attainment process. Martha E. Rogers identified the basic science of nursing as the Science of Unitary Human Beings. The human beingness is a whole, not a assemblage of parts. She presented the human being and the environment as energy fields that are constitutive(a) with each other. The human being does not have an energy field but is an energy field. These fields can be identified by their pattern, described as a distinguishing characteristic that is perceived as a single wave.These patterns occur in a pandimensional world. Rogerss principles are resonancy, or continuous change to higher relative frequency helicy, or unpredictable movement toward change magnitude diversity and integrality, or the continuous mutual process of the human field and the environmental field. Sister Callista Roy proposed the Roy Adaptation Model. The person or group resolves to stimuli from the internecine or remote environment with control processes or header mechanisms identified as the regulator and cognator (stabilizer and innovator for the group) subsystems.The regulator processes are basically automatic, spell the cognator processes involve perception, learning, judgment, and emotion. The results of the processing by these coping mechanisms are behaviors in one of four modes. These modes are the physiological physiologic mode (oxygenation nutrition elimination activity and rest protection senses fluid, electrolyte, and acidbase balance and endocrine function for individuals and resource adequacy for groups), self-conceptgroup i dentity element mode, piece function mode, and interdependence mode.These behaviors may be either adaptive (promoting the integrity of the human system) or ineffective (not promoting such integrity). The nurse assesses the behaviors in each of the modes and identifies those adaptive behaviors that need support and those ineffective behaviors that require preventative. For each of these behaviors, the nurse then seeks to identify the associated stimuli. The stimulant most directly associated with the behavior is the central stimulus all other stimuli that are confirm as influencing the behavior are scopeual stimuli.Any stimuli that may be influencing the behavior but that have not been verified as doing so are ease stimuli. Once the stimuli are identified, the nurse, in cooperation with the patient, plans and carries out interventions to alter stimuli and support adaptive behaviors. The military strength of the actions taken is evaluated. Betty Neuman developed the Neuman Sys tems Model. Systems have terce environmentsthe internal, the external, and the created environment. Each system, whether an individual or a group, has several social systems. The basic structure or core is where the energy resources reside.This core is saved by lines of resistance that in cut into are surrounded by the habitual line of defense and finally the flexible line of defense. Each of the structures consists of the five variables of physiological, psychological, socio heathenish, developmental, and uncanny characteristics. Each variable is influenced by intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal factors. The system seeks a state of correspondence that may be disrupted by stressors. Stressors, either existing or authority, first encounter the flexible line of defense.If the flexible line of defense cannot counteract the stressor, then the universal line of defense is activated. If the natural line of defense is b sphereed, the stressor enters the system and le ads to a reaction, associated with the lines of resistance. This reaction is what is usually termed symptoms. If the lines of resistance allow the stressor to reach the core, depletion of energy resources and death are threatened. In the Neuman Systems Model, there are three levels of prevention. autochthonic prevention occurs before a stressor enters the system and causes a reaction.Secondary prevention occurs in response to the symptoms, and tertiary prevention seeks to support caution of stability and to prevent future occurrences. Kathryn E. Barnards focus is on the circumstances that produce the development of the young child. In her kidskin health Assessment Interaction Model, the key components are the child, the health professional, the environment, and the interactions between child and caregiver. Contributions made by the child take genius and ability to regulate and by the caregiver physical health, mental health, coping, and level of education.The environment inc ludes both animate and inanimate resources. In assessing interaction, the parent is assessed in relation to esthesia to cues, fostering emotional growth, and fostering cognitive growth. The infant is assessed in relation to pellucidness of cue given and responsiveness to parent. Josephine E. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad presented humanist nursing. Humans are seen as enough through choices, and health is a personal value of more-being and upbeat. Humanistic nursing involves dialogue, community, and phenomenologic nursology.Dialogue occurs through meeting the other, relating with the other, being in aim together, and sharing through call and response. community of interests is the sense of we. Phenomenologic nursology involves the nurse preparing to know another, having original responses to another, learning about the other scientifically, synthesizing information about the other with information already known, and developing a truth that is both uniquely personal and gener ally applicable. Madeleine M. Leininger provided a guide to the inclusion of civilisation as a vital aspect of nursing make.Her Sunrise Model posits that important dimensions of finishing and social structure are technology, religion, philosophy, relationship and other related social factors, heathen values and flavourways, politics, law, economics, and education within the context of language and environment. All of these influence care patterns and expressions that impact the health or well-being of individuals, families, groups, and institutions. The diverse health systems include the kindred care systems and the professional care systems that are linked by nursing.To provide culture congruent care, nursing decisions and actions should seek to provide culture care preservation or maintenance, culture care accommodation or negotiation, or culture care repatterning or restructuring. Margaret Newman described health as expanding consciousness. distinguished concepts are cons ciousness (the information mental ability of the system), pattern (movement, diversity, and rhythm of the whole), pattern recognition (identification within the observer of the whole of another), and transmutation (change). Health and disease are seen as reflections of the larger whole rather than as different entities.She proposed (with Sime and Corcoran-Perry) the one(a)transformative paradigm in which human beings are viewed as unitary phenomenon. These phenomenon are identified by pattern, and change is unpredictable, toward diversity, and transformative. Stages of disorganization, or choice points, lead to change, and health is the evolving pattern of the whole as the system moves to higher levels of consciousness. The nurse enters into process with a client and does not serve as a problem solver. Jean Watson described nursing as human science and human care.Her clinical caritas processes include practicing loving-kindness and composure within a context of sympathize with co nsciousness being certainally present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared-for cultivating ones own olfactionual practice and transpersonal self, developing and sustaining helping-trusting in an authentic affectionateness relationship being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and veto feelings as a connection with the deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for creatively using self and all ways of perspicacious as a part of the compassionate process to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices agreeable in a genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning while attempting to stay within others frame of reference creating healing environments at all levels, physical as well as nonphysical, within a penetrative environment of energy and consciousness, whereby the potentials of wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are compound assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, to potentiate alignment of mind/body/spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care tending to both body forth spirit and evolving spiritual emergence interruption and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of ones own life-death and soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for. These caritas processes occur within a transpersonal caring relationship and a caring office and caring split second as the nurse and other come together and share with each other. The transpersonal caring relationship seeks to provide mental and spiritual growth for both participants while seeking to restore or improve the harmony and unity within the personhood of the other.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse developed the theory of Humanbecoming within the simultaneity paradigm that views human beings as developing meaning through independence to choose and as more than and different from a sum of parts. Her practice methodological analysis has three dimensions, each with a related process. The first is light meaning, or explicating, or reservation clear through talk about it, what was, is, and will be. The second is synchronism rhythms, or dwelling with or being immersed with the process of connecting and separating within the rhythms of the exchange between the human and the universe. The third is mobilizing transcendence, or moving beyond or moving toward what is envisioned, the consequence to what has not yet occurred.In the theory of Humanbecoming, the nurse is an interpersonal guide, with the responsibility for decision making (or making of choices) residing in the client. The nurse provides support but not counseling. However, the traditional routine of teaching does fall within illuminating meaning, and serving as a change agent is congruent with mobilizing transcendence. Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. swell presented the theory of framework and Role-Modelin g. Both framework and role- cast involve an art and a science. Modeling requires the nurse to seek an understanding of the clients view of the world. The art of modeling involves the use of empathy in developing this understanding.The science of modeling involves the use of the nurses knowledge in analyzing the information imperturbable to create the model. Role-modeling seeks to facilitate health. The art of role-modeling lies in individualizing the facilitations, while the science lies in the use of the nurses theoretical knowledge base to plan and implement care. The aims of intervention are to build trust, hike up the clients positive orientation of self, promote the clients perception of being in control, promote the clients strengths, and set mutual health-directed goals. The client has self-care knowledge about what his needs are and self-care resources to help meet these needs and takes self-care action to use the resources to meet the needs.In addition, a major motive f or human behavior is the drive for associate individuation, or having a personal identity while being connected to others. The individuals ability to mobilize resources is identified as adaptive potential. Adaptive potential may be identified as adaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resources are utilized appropriately), maladaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resource manipulation is placing one or more subsystems in jeopardy), arousal (a stress state in which the client is having difficulty mobilizing resources), or pauperisation (a stress state in which resources are diminished or depleted).Interventions differ tally to the adaptive potential. Those in adaptive equilibrium can be get aheadd to continue and may require only facilitation of their self-care actions. Those in maladaptive equilibrium present the contest of seeing no reason to change since they are in equilibrium. Here penury strategies to seek to change are needed. Those in arousal are be st back up by actions that facilitate change and support individuation these are likely to include teaching, guidance, direction, and other assistance. Those in impoverishment have strong affiliation needs, need their internal strengths promoted, and need to have resources provided. Nola J.Pender developed the Health Promotion Model (revised) with the goal of achieving outcomes of health-promoting behavior. Areas identified to help understand personal choices made in relation to health-promoting behavior include perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy (or ability to carry out the action), activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, situation influences, commitment to a plan of action, and immediate competing demands and preferences. Patricia Benner described expert nursing practice and identified five stages of skill scholarship as novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.She discusses a number of concepts in r elation to these stages, including agency, assumptions, expectations and set, background meaning, caring, clinical forethought, clinical judgment, clinical knowledge, clinical reasoning, clinical transitions, common meanings, concern, coping, skill acquisition, domains of practice, substantiate intelligence, embodied knowledge, emotions, ethical judgment, experience, graded qualitative distinctions, intuition, knowing the patient, maxims, paradigm cases and personal knowledge, reasoning-in-transition, social embeddedness, stress, temporality, sentiment-in-action, and chance(prenominal) practices. Juliet Corbin and Anselm L. Strauss developed the Chronic infirmity escape Framework, in which they describe the course of illness and the actions taken to do work that course. The phases of the framework are pretrajectory, trajectory onset, stable, unstable, acute, crisis, comeback, downward, and dying.A trajectory projection is ones personal vision of the illness, and a trajectory scheme is the plan of actions to shape the course of the illness, control associated symptoms, and handle disability. fundamental also are ones biography or life story and ones everyday life activities (similar to activities of daily living). Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer present nursing as caring in a gallant theory that may be utilise in combination with other theories. Persons are caring by virtue of being human are caring, moment to moment are whole and unadulterated in the moment and are already complete while growing in completeness. Personhood is the process of living grounded in caring and is enhanced through nurturing relationships.Nursing as a discipline is a being, knowing, living, and valuing response to a social call. As a profession, nursing is based on a social call and uses a body of knowledge to respond to that call. The focus of nursing is nurturing persons living in caring and growing in caring. This nurturing occurs in the nursing situation, or the lived experience shared between the nurse and the nursed, in which personhood is enhanced. The call for nursing is not based on a need or a deficit and thus focuses on helping the other celebrate the fullness of being rather than seeking to fix something. Boykin and Schoenhofer encourage the use of storytelling to make evident the service of nursing.Katharine Kolcaba developed a comfort theory in which she describes comfort, comfort care, comfort measures, and comfort needs as well as health-seeking behavior, institutional integrity, and intervening variables. She speaks of comfort as physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural and describes technical comfort measures, train for comfort, and comfort food for the soul. Ramona Mercer describes the process of becoming a mother in the four stages of commitment, attachment, and preparation acquaintance, learning, and physical regaining moving toward a new normal and achievement of the maternal identity. The stages occur with the three nested living environments of family and friends, community, and society at large.Afaf Meleis, in her theory of transitions, identifies four types of transitions developmental, situational, healthillness, and organizational. Properties of the transition experience include awareness, engagement, change and difference, time span, critical points, and events. Personal conditions include meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, and preparation and knowledge. Community conditions include family support, information available, health care resources, and role models. Process indicators are feeling connected, interacting, location, and being situated and developing confidence and coping. resolution indicators include mastery and fluid endogenetic processes. Merle H.Mishel describes uncertainty in illness with the three major themes of antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty, and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty are the stim uli frame, including symptom pattern, event familiarity, and event congruence cognitive talent or informational processing ability and structure providers, such as education, social support, and conjectural authorities. Appraisal of uncertainty includes both certainty (use of past experience to evaluate an event) and error (creating beliefs from uncertainty with a positive outlook). lintel with uncertainty includes danger, opportunity, coping, and adaptation.The Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory adds self-organization and probabilistic thinking and changes the goal from return to previous level of functioning to growth to a new value system. Each of these models or theories will be applied to clinical practice with the following case study may Allenski, an 84-year-old White female, had emergency femoral-popliteal bypass surgical operation two days ago. She has severe peripheral vascular disease, and a clot close up 90% of the circulation to her right leg one wee k ago. The grafts were taken from her left leg, so there are long incisions in each leg. She lives in a infinitesimal town about 75 miles from the medical center. The initial clotting occurred late on Friday night she did not see a doctor until Monday.The first physician referred her to a vascular specialist, who then referred her to the medical center. Her 90-year-old preserve drove her to the medical center on Tuesday. You anticipate she will be discharge to home on the fourth postoperative day, as is standard procedure. She is learning to enchant to and from bed and toilet to wheelchair. Table 2-1 shows examples of screening in clinical practice that are not complete but are intended to provide only a partial example for each. Study of these examples can provide ideas or suggestions for use in clinical practice. Readers are encouraged to develop further detail as appropriate to their practice.