Historical Development of Nursing

Historical nurture of treat Time caper Create a 700- to 1,050-word epoch get report of the historical ontogenesis of breast feeding attainment, showtime with Florence Nightingale and continuing to the stick in. Format the timeline only you wish, but the word count and identification requirements essential be met. accept the succeeding(a) in your timeline Explain the historical preparement of treat lore by citing precise years, theories, theorists, and points in the hi falsehood of hold. Explain the kind human family amongst nursing science and the profession. Include the influences on nursing science of reinvigorated(prenominal) sketchs, such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, the brotherly sciences, and psychology. coiffe to discuss your timeline with your Learning Team or in class. Format each references coherent with APA guidelines. Copyright 2013 Penn nursing cognizance, University of Pennsylvania develop of Nursing http//www . nursing. upenn. edu/nhhc/Pages/Ameri pratNursingIntroduction. aspx http//www. nursing. penn. edu/nhhc/Welcome%20Page%20Content/American%20Nursing. pdf Nursing Theories. The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, 6th Edition Chapter 2 Nursing formation and Clinical Practice ISBN 9780135135839Author Julia B. GeorgeRN, PhD se remedy 2011Pearson Education lorence Nightingale believed that the force for better resides at bottom the human existence and that, if the surroundings is purloinly substituteive, human beness leave render to heal themselves. Her 13 canons indicate the aras of surroundings of concern to nursing.These ar ventilation and warming, strongness of ho commits (pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light), petty direction (today known as continuity of financial aid), noise, variety, fetching food, what food, bed and bedding, light, cleanliness of rooms and walls, person-to-person cleanliness, sound hopes and advices, and o bservation of the sick. Hildegard E. Peplau teleph unity ex inter switch overiseed on the brotherly relationship between the agree and the tolerant. The trio phases of this relationship atomic mo 18 orientation, working, and termination.The relationship is initiated by the patients felt wishing and termination occurs when the indigence is met. Both the cherish and the patient grow as a endpoint of their interaction. Virginia Henderson first defined nursing as doing for others what they miss the strength, will, or acquaintance to do for themselves and beca white plague set 14 comp superstarnts of keeping. These comp mavinnts impart a guide to identifying clay politics in which a person may lack the strength, will, or association to lose in the flesh(predicate) reads.They imply breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, touching, sleeping and resting, book binding and undressing appropriately, maintaining body temperature, passing clean and defend the s kin, avoiding dangers and injury to others, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning. Dorothea E. Orem identify triplet theories of egotism-c be, egotism-c ar deficit, and nursing formations. The qualification of the person to meet nonchalant requirements is known as egotism- interest, and carrying away those activities is self-cargon agency.P atomic number 18nts swear come to the fore as dependent c ar agents for their children. The talent to get out self-cargon is influenced by staple fibre learn factors including but not limited to age, gender, and developmental state. Self-c be needs be partially compulsive by the self-cargon requisites, which are categorized as universal (air, water, food, elimination, enjoyment and rest, solitude and complaisant interaction, hazard prevention, function indoors social groups), developmental, and health deviation (needs arising from injury or disorder and from efforts to treat the injury or unwellness).The t otal collects created by the self-care requisites are identify as cure self-care demand. When the therapeutic self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nursing is unavoidable. ground on the needs, the check designs nursing forms that are wholly compensatory (the nanny-goat forgets all crab for care), partly compensatory (the imbibe and the patient provide care together), or controlive-educative (the value provides needed support and education for the patient to come session self-care). Dorothy E.Johnson stated that nursings area of concern is the behavioral frame that consists of vii subsystems. The subsystems are attachment or affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The behaviors for severally of the subsystems occur as a result of the drive, set, choices, and final stage of the subsystem. The innovation of the behaviors is to reduce tensions and keep the behavioral system in balance . Ida blue jean Orlando draw a disciplined nursing ease. Her military operation is initiated by the patients behavior.This behavior engenders a reaction in the support, described as an unbidden perception, thought, or feeling. The nurse pieces the reaction with the patient, identifying it as the nurses perception, thought, or feeling, and seeking substantiation of the accuracy of the reaction. Once the nurse and the patient throw agreed on the quick need that led to the patients behavior and to the action to be taken by the nurse to meet that need, the nurse carries out a deliberative action. either action taken by the nurse for reasons other than meeting the patients warm need is an automatic action.Lydia E. manor hall believed that persons over the age of 16 who were outgoing the acute stage of malady required a incompatible focus for their care than during the acute stage. She described the circles of care, core, and cure. Activities in the care circle belong solely to nursing and involve bodily care and allay. Activities in the core circle are share with all members of the health care group and involve the person and therapeutic use of self. Hall believed the drive to recovery must come from within the person.Activities in the cure circle also are dual-lane with other members of the health care aggroup and may hold the patients family. The cure circle focuses on the infirmity and the aesculapian care. Faye G. Abdellah sought to commute the focus of care from the disease to the patient and hence proposed patient-centered approaches to care. She identified 21 nursing problems, or areas vital to the growth and functioning of humans that require support from nurses when persons are for well-nigh reason limited in carrying out the activities needed to provide such growth.These areas are hygiene and comfort, activity (including exercise, rest, and sleep), safety, body mechanics, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, wandering and elec trolyte balance, credit entry of physiological repartees to disease, regulatory mechanisms, sensory(prenominal) functions, emotions, inter relateness of emotions and illness, communication, inter in the flesh(predicate) relationships, ghostly goals, therapeutic environment, soulfulnessity, optimal goals, use of community alternatives, and use of goods and usefulnesss of society.Ernestine Wiedenbach proposed a prescriptive possible action that involves the nurses central purpose, prescription to touch that purpose, and the realities that influence the ability to fulfill the central purpose (the nurse, the patient, the goal, the means, and the framework or environment). Nursing involves the identification of the patients need for service of dish out, the ministration of help, and validation that the efforts make were and then helpful.Her principles of circumstances indicate the nurse should carriage for patient behaviors that are not undifferentiated with what is exp ected, should relate helping efforts in appall of go oning difficulties, and should recognize in the flesh(predicate) limitations and seek help from others as needed. Nursing actions may be reflex or spontaneous and found on sensations, conditi peerlessd or automatic and found on perceptions, impulsive and brutald on assumptions, or deliberate or responsible and base on realization, insight, design, and decision that involves discussion and joint planning with the patient.Joyce Travelbee was bear on with the interpersonal process between the master key fruit nurse and that nurses knob, whether an individual, family, or community. The functions of the nurseguest, or human-to-human, relationship are to prevent or cope with illness or suffering and to find meat in illness or suffering. This relationship requires a disciplined, intellectual approach, with the nurse employing a therapeutic use of self. The five phases of the human-to-human relationship are encounter, identi ties, empathy, sympathy, and rapport.Myra Estrin Levine described adaptation as the process by which saving is achieved, with the purpose of conservation organism integrity, or saving of the whole of the person. Adaptation is based on past get under ones skins of effective responses (historicity), the use of responses particular proposition to the demands universe make (specificity), and more than one take of response (redundancy). Adaptation seeks the trump fit between the person and the environment. The principles of conservation deal with conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity of the individual. Imogene M.King wassailed two a systems-based conceptual framework of personal, interpersonal, and social systems and a theory of goal attainment. The concepts of the theory of goal attainment are interaction, perception, communication, motion, self, parting, stress, growth and development, time, and personal space. The nurse and th e client usually meet as strangers. Each brings to this meeting perceptions and judgments more or less the maculation and the other severally acts and then reacts to the others action. The reactions lead to interaction, which, when effective, leads to transaction or movement toward recipro confabulatey agreed-on goals.She emphasizes that both(prenominal) the nurse and the patient bring serious acquaintance and training to this goal-attainment process. Martha E. Rogers identified the basic science of nursing as the Science of Unitary Human Beings. The human beingness is a whole, not a assemblage of parts. She presented the human being and the environment as energy fields that are constitutive(a) with each other. The human being does not have an energy field but is an energy field. These fields can be identified by their pattern, described as a distinguishing characteristic that is perceived as a single wave.These patterns occur in a pandimensional world. Rogerss principles are resonancy, or continuous change to higher relative frequency helicy, or unpredictable movement toward change magnitude diversity and integrality, or the continuous mutual process of the human field and the environmental field. Sister Callista Roy proposed the Roy Adaptation Model. The person or group resolves to stimuli from the internecine or remote environment with control processes or header mechanisms identified as the regulator and cognator (stabilizer and innovator for the group) subsystems.The regulator processes are basically automatic, spell the cognator processes involve perception, learning, judgment, and emotion. The results of the processing by these coping mechanisms are behaviors in one of four modes. These modes are the physiological physiologic mode (oxygenation nutrition elimination activity and rest protection senses fluid, electrolyte, and acidbase balance and endocrine function for individuals and resource adequacy for groups), self-conceptgroup i dentity element mode, piece function mode, and interdependence mode.These behaviors may be either adaptive (promoting the integrity of the human system) or ineffective (not promoting such integrity). The nurse assesses the behaviors in each of the modes and identifies those adaptive behaviors that need support and those ineffective behaviors that require preventative. For each of these behaviors, the nurse then seeks to identify the associated stimuli. The stimulant most directly associated with the behavior is the central stimulus all other stimuli that are confirm as influencing the behavior are scopeual stimuli.Any stimuli that may be influencing the behavior but that have not been verified as doing so are ease stimuli. Once the stimuli are identified, the nurse, in cooperation with the patient, plans and carries out interventions to alter stimuli and support adaptive behaviors. The military strength of the actions taken is evaluated. Betty Neuman developed the Neuman Sys tems Model. Systems have terce environmentsthe internal, the external, and the created environment. Each system, whether an individual or a group, has several social systems. The basic structure or core is where the energy resources reside.This core is saved by lines of resistance that in cut into are surrounded by the habitual line of defense and finally the flexible line of defense. Each of the structures consists of the five variables of physiological, psychological, socio heathenish, developmental, and uncanny characteristics. Each variable is influenced by intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal factors. The system seeks a state of correspondence that may be disrupted by stressors. Stressors, either existing or authority, first encounter the flexible line of defense.If the flexible line of defense cannot counteract the stressor, then the universal line of defense is activated. If the natural line of defense is b sphereed, the stressor enters the system and le ads to a reaction, associated with the lines of resistance. This reaction is what is usually termed symptoms. If the lines of resistance allow the stressor to reach the core, depletion of energy resources and death are threatened. In the Neuman Systems Model, there are three levels of prevention. autochthonic prevention occurs before a stressor enters the system and causes a reaction.Secondary prevention occurs in response to the symptoms, and tertiary prevention seeks to support caution of stability and to prevent future occurrences. Kathryn E. Barnards focus is on the circumstances that produce the development of the young child. In her kidskin health Assessment Interaction Model, the key components are the child, the health professional, the environment, and the interactions between child and caregiver. Contributions made by the child take genius and ability to regulate and by the caregiver physical health, mental health, coping, and level of education.The environment inc ludes both animate and inanimate resources. In assessing interaction, the parent is assessed in relation to esthesia to cues, fostering emotional growth, and fostering cognitive growth. The infant is assessed in relation to pellucidness of cue given and responsiveness to parent. Josephine E. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad presented humanist nursing. Humans are seen as enough through choices, and health is a personal value of more-being and upbeat. Humanistic nursing involves dialogue, community, and phenomenologic nursology.Dialogue occurs through meeting the other, relating with the other, being in aim together, and sharing through call and response. community of interests is the sense of we. Phenomenologic nursology involves the nurse preparing to know another, having original responses to another, learning about the other scientifically, synthesizing information about the other with information already known, and developing a truth that is both uniquely personal and gener ally applicable. Madeleine M. Leininger provided a guide to the inclusion of civilisation as a vital aspect of nursing make.Her Sunrise Model posits that important dimensions of finishing and social structure are technology, religion, philosophy, relationship and other related social factors, heathen values and flavourways, politics, law, economics, and education within the context of language and environment. All of these influence care patterns and expressions that impact the health or well-being of individuals, families, groups, and institutions. The diverse health systems include the kindred care systems and the professional care systems that are linked by nursing.To provide culture congruent care, nursing decisions and actions should seek to provide culture care preservation or maintenance, culture care accommodation or negotiation, or culture care repatterning or restructuring. Margaret Newman described health as expanding consciousness. distinguished concepts are cons ciousness (the information mental ability of the system), pattern (movement, diversity, and rhythm of the whole), pattern recognition (identification within the observer of the whole of another), and transmutation (change). Health and disease are seen as reflections of the larger whole rather than as different entities.She proposed (with Sime and Corcoran-Perry) the one(a)transformative paradigm in which human beings are viewed as unitary phenomenon. These phenomenon are identified by pattern, and change is unpredictable, toward diversity, and transformative. Stages of disorganization, or choice points, lead to change, and health is the evolving pattern of the whole as the system moves to higher levels of consciousness. The nurse enters into process with a client and does not serve as a problem solver. Jean Watson described nursing as human science and human care.Her clinical caritas processes include practicing loving-kindness and composure within a context of sympathize with co nsciousness being certainally present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared-for cultivating ones own olfactionual practice and transpersonal self, developing and sustaining helping-trusting in an authentic affectionateness relationship being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and veto feelings as a connection with the deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for creatively using self and all ways of perspicacious as a part of the compassionate process to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices agreeable in a genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning while attempting to stay within others frame of reference creating healing environments at all levels, physical as well as nonphysical, within a penetrative environment of energy and consciousness, whereby the potentials of wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are compound assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, to potentiate alignment of mind/body/spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care tending to both body forth spirit and evolving spiritual emergence interruption and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of ones own life-death and soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for. These caritas processes occur within a transpersonal caring relationship and a caring office and caring split second as the nurse and other come together and share with each other. The transpersonal caring relationship seeks to provide mental and spiritual growth for both participants while seeking to restore or improve the harmony and unity within the personhood of the other.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse developed the theory of Humanbecoming within the simultaneity paradigm that views human beings as developing meaning through independence to choose and as more than and different from a sum of parts. Her practice methodological analysis has three dimensions, each with a related process. The first is light meaning, or explicating, or reservation clear through talk about it, what was, is, and will be. The second is synchronism rhythms, or dwelling with or being immersed with the process of connecting and separating within the rhythms of the exchange between the human and the universe. The third is mobilizing transcendence, or moving beyond or moving toward what is envisioned, the consequence to what has not yet occurred.In the theory of Humanbecoming, the nurse is an interpersonal guide, with the responsibility for decision making (or making of choices) residing in the client. The nurse provides support but not counseling. However, the traditional routine of teaching does fall within illuminating meaning, and serving as a change agent is congruent with mobilizing transcendence. Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. swell presented the theory of framework and Role-Modelin g. Both framework and role- cast involve an art and a science. Modeling requires the nurse to seek an understanding of the clients view of the world. The art of modeling involves the use of empathy in developing this understanding.The science of modeling involves the use of the nurses knowledge in analyzing the information imperturbable to create the model. Role-modeling seeks to facilitate health. The art of role-modeling lies in individualizing the facilitations, while the science lies in the use of the nurses theoretical knowledge base to plan and implement care. The aims of intervention are to build trust, hike up the clients positive orientation of self, promote the clients perception of being in control, promote the clients strengths, and set mutual health-directed goals. The client has self-care knowledge about what his needs are and self-care resources to help meet these needs and takes self-care action to use the resources to meet the needs.In addition, a major motive f or human behavior is the drive for associate individuation, or having a personal identity while being connected to others. The individuals ability to mobilize resources is identified as adaptive potential. Adaptive potential may be identified as adaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resources are utilized appropriately), maladaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resource manipulation is placing one or more subsystems in jeopardy), arousal (a stress state in which the client is having difficulty mobilizing resources), or pauperisation (a stress state in which resources are diminished or depleted).Interventions differ tally to the adaptive potential. Those in adaptive equilibrium can be get aheadd to continue and may require only facilitation of their self-care actions. Those in maladaptive equilibrium present the contest of seeing no reason to change since they are in equilibrium. Here penury strategies to seek to change are needed. Those in arousal are be st back up by actions that facilitate change and support individuation these are likely to include teaching, guidance, direction, and other assistance. Those in impoverishment have strong affiliation needs, need their internal strengths promoted, and need to have resources provided. Nola J.Pender developed the Health Promotion Model (revised) with the goal of achieving outcomes of health-promoting behavior. Areas identified to help understand personal choices made in relation to health-promoting behavior include perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy (or ability to carry out the action), activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, situation influences, commitment to a plan of action, and immediate competing demands and preferences. Patricia Benner described expert nursing practice and identified five stages of skill scholarship as novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.She discusses a number of concepts in r elation to these stages, including agency, assumptions, expectations and set, background meaning, caring, clinical forethought, clinical judgment, clinical knowledge, clinical reasoning, clinical transitions, common meanings, concern, coping, skill acquisition, domains of practice, substantiate intelligence, embodied knowledge, emotions, ethical judgment, experience, graded qualitative distinctions, intuition, knowing the patient, maxims, paradigm cases and personal knowledge, reasoning-in-transition, social embeddedness, stress, temporality, sentiment-in-action, and chance(prenominal) practices. Juliet Corbin and Anselm L. Strauss developed the Chronic infirmity escape Framework, in which they describe the course of illness and the actions taken to do work that course. The phases of the framework are pretrajectory, trajectory onset, stable, unstable, acute, crisis, comeback, downward, and dying.A trajectory projection is ones personal vision of the illness, and a trajectory scheme is the plan of actions to shape the course of the illness, control associated symptoms, and handle disability. fundamental also are ones biography or life story and ones everyday life activities (similar to activities of daily living). Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer present nursing as caring in a gallant theory that may be utilise in combination with other theories. Persons are caring by virtue of being human are caring, moment to moment are whole and unadulterated in the moment and are already complete while growing in completeness. Personhood is the process of living grounded in caring and is enhanced through nurturing relationships.Nursing as a discipline is a being, knowing, living, and valuing response to a social call. As a profession, nursing is based on a social call and uses a body of knowledge to respond to that call. The focus of nursing is nurturing persons living in caring and growing in caring. This nurturing occurs in the nursing situation, or the lived experience shared between the nurse and the nursed, in which personhood is enhanced. The call for nursing is not based on a need or a deficit and thus focuses on helping the other celebrate the fullness of being rather than seeking to fix something. Boykin and Schoenhofer encourage the use of storytelling to make evident the service of nursing.Katharine Kolcaba developed a comfort theory in which she describes comfort, comfort care, comfort measures, and comfort needs as well as health-seeking behavior, institutional integrity, and intervening variables. She speaks of comfort as physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural and describes technical comfort measures, train for comfort, and comfort food for the soul. Ramona Mercer describes the process of becoming a mother in the four stages of commitment, attachment, and preparation acquaintance, learning, and physical regaining moving toward a new normal and achievement of the maternal identity. The stages occur with the three nested living environments of family and friends, community, and society at large.Afaf Meleis, in her theory of transitions, identifies four types of transitions developmental, situational, healthillness, and organizational. Properties of the transition experience include awareness, engagement, change and difference, time span, critical points, and events. Personal conditions include meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, and preparation and knowledge. Community conditions include family support, information available, health care resources, and role models. Process indicators are feeling connected, interacting, location, and being situated and developing confidence and coping. resolution indicators include mastery and fluid endogenetic processes. Merle H.Mishel describes uncertainty in illness with the three major themes of antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty, and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty are the stim uli frame, including symptom pattern, event familiarity, and event congruence cognitive talent or informational processing ability and structure providers, such as education, social support, and conjectural authorities. Appraisal of uncertainty includes both certainty (use of past experience to evaluate an event) and error (creating beliefs from uncertainty with a positive outlook). lintel with uncertainty includes danger, opportunity, coping, and adaptation.The Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory adds self-organization and probabilistic thinking and changes the goal from return to previous level of functioning to growth to a new value system. Each of these models or theories will be applied to clinical practice with the following case study may Allenski, an 84-year-old White female, had emergency femoral-popliteal bypass surgical operation two days ago. She has severe peripheral vascular disease, and a clot close up 90% of the circulation to her right leg one wee k ago. The grafts were taken from her left leg, so there are long incisions in each leg. She lives in a infinitesimal town about 75 miles from the medical center. The initial clotting occurred late on Friday night she did not see a doctor until Monday.The first physician referred her to a vascular specialist, who then referred her to the medical center. Her 90-year-old preserve drove her to the medical center on Tuesday. You anticipate she will be discharge to home on the fourth postoperative day, as is standard procedure. She is learning to enchant to and from bed and toilet to wheelchair. Table 2-1 shows examples of screening in clinical practice that are not complete but are intended to provide only a partial example for each. Study of these examples can provide ideas or suggestions for use in clinical practice. Readers are encouraged to develop further detail as appropriate to their practice.